anatomy

Question 1

four primary tissues

Answer 1

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

Epithelial tissue

Answer 2

Protection, lining, secretion

ex: skin, organ linings, glands

Question 3

Connective tissue

Answer 3

Support, transport, binding

ex. Bone, blood, fat, tendons

Question 4

Muscle tissue

Answer 4

Movement (voluntary/involuntary)

ex. Heart, skeletal muscles, gut wall

Question 5

Nervous tissue

Answer 5

Communication, sensing

ex. Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 6

Simple Squamous
⏺️⏺️⏺️⏺️⏺️

Answer 6

ultra-thin, delicate and lines surfaces
permeable
ex. Lung alveoli (gas exchange), blood vessel lining.

Question 7

Simple Cuboidal

Answer 7

Good for secretion/absorption.
ex. kidney tubules, gland ducts

Question 8

Simple Columnar

Answer 8

Tall cells, often with microvilli
ex. Intestinal wall, digestive glands.

Question 9

Ciliated Columnar

Answer 9

Has tiny “hairs” (cilia) to move things.
ex. Respiratory tract (moves mucus), uterine tubes (moves eggs)

Question 10

Transitional tissue

Answer 10

Specialized “stretch” cells.
ex. Bladder and Ureters (stretches as they fill).

Question 11

Simple layer of epithelial tissue

Answer 11

One single layer. Best for transport (absorption/filtration).

Question 12

Stratified (Compound)

Answer 12

Multiple layers. Best for protection against wear and tear.

Question 13

skin structure: Epidermis

Answer 13

1st layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
waterproof shield (no blood vessels).

Question 14

skin structure: Dermis

Answer 14

2nd layer
Deeper layer made of tough connective tissue, has many nerve endings and blood vessels
ex. hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

Question 15

skin structure: Hypodermis

Answer 15

under the skin
loose connective tissue and fat, elastic fibers
for flexibility
ex. fat/storage

Question 16

glandular tissue

Answer 16

modified epithelial tissue that is specialized for a secretory function

Question 17

Endocrine glands

Answer 17

lack duct system, produce hormones

types: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, pituitary (master gland), pancreas, ovary, testes

Question 18

exocrine glands

Answer 18

have duct system, secrete onto epithelial surface

ex. sweat glands, mammary glands

Question 19

goblet cells

Answer 19

found in mucous membranes

Question 20

common integument

Answer 20

outer covering of body

ex. skin, hair, footpads, claws

Question 21

skin functions

Answer 21

protection
sensation
secretion
production of vitamin D
storage
thermoregulation
communication

Question 22

skin function: protection

Answer 22

protects from physical trauma, infection, and dehydration (waterproof
barrier).

Question 23

skin function: Sensation

Answer 23

Contains sensory nerve endings for pressure, temperature, touch, and
pain.

Question 24

skin function: Secretion

Answer 24

Produces sweat, oils, and pheromones.

Question 25

skin function: Production of Vitamin D

Answer 25

uses UV light, required for calcium uptake and metabolism.

Question 26

skin function: Storage

Answer 26

Fat is stored under the skin.

Question 27

skin function: Thermoregulation

Answer 27

Provides insulation and can radiate heat through blood and sweating

Question 28

skin function: Communication

Answer 28

Produces pheromones

Question 29

Sebaceous glands

Answer 29

Open into hair follicle bases, secrete sebum (oily, waterproofs, lubricates, antiseptic), - modified glands produce pheromones

Question 30

other glands: sweat glands

Answer 30

(sudoriferous glands) In dermis - only on nose and footpads in dogs and cats.

Question 31

other glands: mammary glands

Answer 31

Modified, enlarged sweat glands producing milk.

Question 32

hair

Answer 32

Grows from hair follicle (epidermal cells extending into dermis) dermal papilla nourishes and innervates keratinizes to form hair shaft.

Question 33

Hair Types

Answer 33

Guard hairs wool hairs tactile hairs

Question 34

Guard hairs

Answer 34

- long and stiff - form outer, protective coat, - can be raised by arrector pilli muscles in response to cold or threat

Question 35

Wool hairs

Answer 35

- form soft undercoat - vary in number by breed and/or season

Question 36

Tactile hairs

Answer 36

aka vibrissae - whiskers - surrounded by nerve endings and sensitive to touch/movement.

Question 37

Footpads

Answer 37

shock absorbers protect paw joints thickened epidermis over dermis and fatty tissue

Question 38

Claws

Answer 38

Modified keratinized epidermis grow from coronary border under claw fold have walls and ventral groove with sole, quick at base

Question 39

Hoof

Answer 39

growth rates very by life stage