1
Q
where is the coronoid process found?
A
on the mandible - connects to muscles for mastication.
2
Q
what nerves comes out through the mandibular foramen?
A
inferior alveolar nerve
3
Q
why is the mylohyoid line important?
A
in swallowing and where the bone resorbs to when teeth are lost.
4
Q
what nerves comes out through the mental foramen?
A
mental nerve
5
Q
where is the mandibular foramen located?
A
on the inside of the mandible .
6
Q
where is the mental foramen located?
A
on the mandible outside on the body.
7
Q
what are the names of the dental arches that bind the oral cavity?
A
palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeal arch
8
Q
what happens if the maxilla bones do not fuse during development?
A
cleft palate / cleft lip.
9
Q
what is the free floating bone in the neck called?
A
hyoid bone.
10
Q
what muscles are supplied by the facial nerve?
A
- levator labii
- zygomaticus muscles
- oribicularis oris
- depressor anguli oris
- buccinator
11
Q
where is the levator labii found and what does it do?
A
- from the eyes down to the mouth.
- bends the lip up.
12
Q
where are the zygomaticus muscles found and what does it do?
A
- on the zygomatic arch towards the mouth.
- they move the corners of the lip up.
13
Q
where is the oribicularis oris found and what does it do?
A
- around the mouth (in a circle)
- enables you to pout.
14
Q
where is the depressor anguli oris found and what does it do?
A
- outer edge of the mouth down to the bottom of the mandible
- moves the lips downwards
15
Q
where is the buccinator found and what does it do?
A
- on the cheek.
- moves thew edges of the lips together - allowing for a sucking motion.
16
Q
what nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?
A
facial nerve
17
Q
where is the modiolus located?
A
on the sides of the lips, it is where all the muscle around the mouth join.
18
Q
what are the branches of the facial nerve?
A
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccal
- mandibular
- cervical
19
Q
what causes bells paulsy?
A
swelling of the facial never on one side of the face in the boney cannel causing paralysation on the muscles of facial expression.
20
Q
what are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
A
- V1 : opthalmic nerve
- V2 : maxillary nerve
- V3: mandibular division
21
Q
what branch of what cranial nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
A
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
22
Q
what are the muscles of mastication?
A
- temporallis
- massetor
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid.
23
Q
where is the articulator disc found?
A
- between the TMJ and condylar process
24
Q
where does the temporallis attach?
A
temporal bone and coronoid process.
25
where does the massetor attach?
zygomatic bone and the ramus of the mandible.
26
where does the medial pterygoid attach?
- lateral pterygoid plate of speroid
- maxilla
- mandible (inner surface of ramus)
27
where does the lateral pterygoid attach?
```
Upper head:
- sphenoid
- TMJ articular disc
Lower head:
lateral ptergoid plate
-condylor process
```
28
where does the digastic attach to?
mastoid process to the hyoid bone to the mandible.
29
what action does the lateral pterygoid preform?
lower head:
-pulls mandible anteriorly as mouth opens.
Lower head:
- contols position of articular disc as mouth closes.
30
what action does the medial pterygoid preform?
elevates mandible
31
what action does the temporallis preform?
closing mouth - elevates mandible.
| - retracts mandible
32
what action does the massetor preform?
- elevates mandible (biting)
| - contacts - closing mouth
33
what action does the digastic preform?
assists in opening mouth
34
what are the 3 salivary glands called?
- parotid
- submadibular
- sublingual
35
where does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?
tongue.
36
what is a ganglion?
swelling on a nerve, found wherever you get a collection of nerves.
37
what are the 2 types of ganglion?
- sensory
| - autonomic
38
whats the difference between the 2 types of ganglion?
autonomic can sent automic secretomotor info from the CNS to the periphery.
and also transmit central nerve messages into the ganglion and send them to the CNS.
39
whats the path way from the brain to the parotid glands?
- glossopharageal nerve
- via middle ear cavity
- then as lesser petrosal nerve
- to otic ganglion
- synapse
- post ganglionic fibres pass to gland in auriculotemporal nerve
40
whats the path way from the brain to the submandibular glands?
- facial nerve
- via chorda tympani
- and lingual nerve
- to submandibular gangion
- synapse
- post-ganglionic fibres pass to the submandibular gland directly
41
whats the path way from the brain to the sublingual glands?
- facial nerve
- via chorda tympani
- and lingual nerve
- to submandibular gangion
- synapse
- post-ganglionic fibres pass to the lingual nerve to the sublingual glands.
42
what artery supplies most of the blood to the head and neck?
carotid
43
what branches does the external carotid artery divide into?
- Lingual artery
| - maxillary artery
44
what nerve comes of the maxillary artery?
inferior alveolar nerve
45
how does the inferior alveolar nerve enter the mandible and what is its purpose?
via the mandibular foramen
| and it supplys the blood to all lower teeth.
46
how does blood get from the heart to the lower teeth?
- heart
- aorta
- brachiocephalic truck
- right common carotid artery
- external carotid artery
- maxillary artery
- inferior alveolar nerve
- teeth
47
what are the branches of the maxillary artery?
- middle meningeal artery
- inferior alveolar artery
- descending palatine artery
- posterior superior alveolar artery
- anterior superior alveolar artery
- infraorbital artery
48
what does the descending palatine artery divide into and what part of the head do they supply?
- Greater palatine nerve - supplies the palatine gingivae of the upper teeth and the mucosa of the hard palate.
- Lesser palatine nerve - supplies the soft palate.
49
where does the middle menigeal artery run to?
- inside the skull, deep to the pterion.
50
what is the pterion?
side on the side of the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones meet in a H shape of sutures.
51
why is the middle menigeal artery susceptible to trauma?
because of its placement under the pterion (a weak and thin point of the skull) - so more likely to break after trauma via impact to the side of the head.
52
what would happen if there was a rupture in the middle menigeal artery?
cause blood to build up between the dura mater and the skull (extradural haemorrhage). This can then cause the brain to displace and move down into the foramen magum causing damage to the respiratory centres of the brain stem leading to death.
53
the lingual artery is a branch of what other artery?
external carotid artery.
54
where does the lingual artery supply blood to?
tongue, and structures around the floor of the mouth including the lingual gingivae.
55
what veins drain most of the blood from the head and neck?
internal jugular veins.
56
what is the pterygoid plexus?
collection of veins that receives venous blood from many structures in the face,
57
what does the pterygoid plexus communicate with inside of the cranial cavity?
cavernous sinus.
58
why is it important to understand that the pterygoid plexus communicates with the cavernous sinus?
as infections in this sinus can cause death. and as he pterygoid plexus has communications with facial veins its can be a way in which infection can travel into the brain. eg popping a spot.
59
what do lymphatic vessels do?
drain tissue fluid (lymph) from the tissues and back to the venous system.
60
what are located along lymphatic vessels?
lymph nodes.
61
what is found inside of lymph nodes and what is the purpose of them?
immune cells are found inside.
they are a key part of the bodies immune surveillance system.
they swell in reaction to infection and cancers can lodge and grow in them.
62
what are the 2 groups of lymph nodes?
- deep group - along the internal jugular vein.
| - superficial group - apprear mainly as a ring around the face, they are futher divided into sumbandibular etc.
63
where do superficial lymph nodes drain into?
deep chains of lymph nodes.
64
where do deep chains of lymph nodes drain into?
return lymph to the venous system in the lower neck.
65
what are the 2 muscles that made up the floor of the mouth?
- Geniohygoid muscle (genial tubercles to hyoid bone)
| - Mylohyoid muscle (inside of the mandible to hyoid bone)
66
what are the names of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- Genioglossus
- Hypoglossus
- Styloglossus
67
what are the attachments of the Genioglossus ?
genial tubercles and tongue.
68
what are the attachments of the Hypoglossus?
hyoid bone and tongue.
69
what are the attachments of the Styloglossus ?
styloid process and tongue.
70
what action does the Genioglossus muscle preform?
moves tongue around (DOESNT change shape)
71
what action does the Hypoglossus muscle preform?
pulls tongue down when it contracts.
72
what action does the Styloglossus muscle preform?
pulls tongue upwards and backwards.
73
what are the intrinsic muscle of the tongue?
- upper and lower longitudinal muscles.
- horizontal muscles
- vertical muscles.
74
what is the purpose of upper and lower longitudinal muscles of the tongue?
curl the tongue up and down
75
what is the purpose of horizontal muscles of the tongue?
make the tongue narrow
76
what is the purpose of vertical muscles of the tongue?
make the tongue flatter.
77
what nerve supplies all the muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve.
78
what nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
facial nerve.
79
what nerve supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal nerve.
80
what nerve supplies sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
lingual nerve with V3 of mandibular nerve.
81
what nerve supplies sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal nerve.
82
what are the 3 pharynxs of the head?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
83
what is the name of the nerve that supplies blood to all but one muscle in the pharynx?
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
84
why can a zeuker's diverticulum occur?
when the pharynx join the oesophagus the muscles change direction.
85
what is a zeuker's diverticulum?
a pouch between the muscles of the pharynx and the oesophagus that traps food, the food rots and causes halitosis.
86
what is the diaphragm?
boundary between thorax and abdomen.
87
which side of the stomach does food enter? and what side does it exit?
in on the left, out on the right.
88
what would happen to the blood if the liver stops functioning correctly?
- blood rather than going through the liver would have to go back via the oesophagus to the heart.
89
what causes oesphageal varices?
caused by blood going back through the small veins due to the liver not functioning correctly and can therefor cause haemalemesis (vomiting blood)
caused by drinking too much.
90
Is the trachea part of the larynx?
no
91
where is the larynx located?
above the laryngopharynx and oesophagus
92
what are the main purposes of the larynx?
- contains vocal folds.
- key in phonation (sounds)
- protects airways.
93
what is the laryngeal inlet?
area that opens from the larynx into the laryngohparynx allowing for opening to either food into the food chancel or air into the another channel.
94
what is the larynx lined with?
mucosa
95
what is the name of the cartilage that is part of larynx that closes down on the airways when food is being swallowed?
Epiglottic cartilage
96
what is the name of the cartilage that made the adams apple (laryngeal prominence?
Thyroid cartilage
97
what other 2 cartilages join to the cricoid cartilage?
```
above = arytenoid cartilage (cricoarytenoid joint)
below = thyroid cartilage (cirocthyroid joint)
```
98
what is the purpose of the arytenoid cartilage?
can pivot around the criocoid cartilage - this allows for tension or relaxation of the vocal cords.
99
what are the muscles of the larynx that allow for change in length of the vocal cords/folds?
- cricothyroid muscle
| - thyroarytenoid muscle
100
what is the only muscle in the larynx that is NOT supplied with blood from the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
cricothyroid muscle
101
what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?
lengthen/tense the vocal cords.
102
what is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
shorten/relax the vocal cords.
103
what are the muscles of the larynx that close the vocal cords/folds?
- Interargtenoid muscle
| - Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle.
104
what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid arytenoid muscle?
opens the cartaliges.
105
What is the pathway for Laryngeal nerve from the brain to the muscles?
- brain
- left/right vagus nerve
- external laryngeal nerve
- muscle.
106
What is the pathway for Recurrent Laryngeal nerve from the brain to the muscles?
- Brain
- left/right vagus nerve
- wraps around the arch of the aorta on the left side and wraps around the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side.and then back up.
- left / right recurrent laryngeal nerve.
- muscles.
IOE
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