BMS 352 Forensic Anatomy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(114 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What are the fontanelles of the skull ?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
  3. sphenoidal
  4. Mastoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do fontanelles fuse ?

A

9-18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are sutures ?

A

Left by fontanelles when they fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 5 of the skull

A
  1. metopic- doesnt exist in most adults
  2. coronal
  3. squamous
  4. sagittal
  5. Lamboid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Craniostenosis

A

failure of the fontanelles to fuse

appearance depends on where there is a failure to fuse!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bone structures dont stop growing?

A

the skull and maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main category differences between males and females

A 
Size
Robusticity 
Reproduction 
Bone Chemistry 
Behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Typical accuracies for sex estimation

A

90-95% whole skeleton
90% pelvis
80% Cranium
70% Long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

5 sex categories:

A 
Absolute male 
Absolute Female
Possible male
Possible Female 
indeterminate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many diagnostic features are in the hip bone and Sacrum?

A

25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many osteometric points are the ?

A

25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Female Skull Features :

A
  • Smaller/lighter
  • Rounded forehead
  • smooth Supraorbital ridge
  • Round Orbits
  • Sharp upper eye margins
  • Pointed chin
  • Sloping obtuse angle of the mandible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Male Skull Features :

A
  • Large/ Heavier
  • Sloping/less rounded
  • Prominent supraorbital ridge
  • Square Orbits
  • Blunt upper eye margins
  • Square Chin
  • Vertical angle of the mandible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Age estimation primarily based on

A
  • Growth and development of immature skeletons

- Degenerative change in adult skeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Errors in ageing increase with what ?

A

Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ageing methods in adults :

A
  1. Dental Occlusal Wear
  2. Pubic Symphysis metamorphosis
  3. Cranial suture closure
  4. Auricular surface metamorphosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dental occlusal wear:

A

caused by attrition, erosion and abrasion

  • accumulative
  • wear rates depend on diet, dental disease and non-dietary usage of the teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Miles ageing system :

A
  • in subadult mandibles the age at death is estimated from dental development
  • variation between individuals with teeth eruption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Age changes to pubic symphysis:

A

young -> horizontal grooves and ridges/ billowing
increase in age grooves are infilled and margins thicken to develop a rim
- Old -> Pitted/Porous/ Irregular margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Auricular surface of the ilium :

A

stages are characterised by changes in transverse organisation, granulating, porosity and margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cranial suture closure:

A

cranial vault closure close between 30-50 years so effectiveness of method is limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Changes in sternal ends of Ribs:

A

4-6
Young adults joint surfaces smooth, straight, walled / slightly indented
- increase in age > surface deeper and wider with scalloping of the walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Microscopic age estimation :

A
  • Root dentine transparency
  • Cementum growth
  • Osteon accumulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Estimation of age at death in immatures :

A

Standards based on :

  • Increase with age in linear bone dimensions
  • appearance and fusion of centres of ossification
  • Calcification, eruption and subsequent loss of deciduous teeth and their replacement by permanent teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Deciduous teeth Vs Permanent Teeth
- Smaller size - Roots of anterior teeth narrow - Roots of posterior teeth flared to accommodate premolar crowns - Cemento-enamel junction is less sinuous - Pulp chambers are large with thinner primary dentine - Enamel wears quickly and prone to decay - Roots are resorbed prior to exfoliation of the crowns
26
How many bones are there in the human Skull ?
22
27
What bones are in the Neurocranium ?
8 in total - Frontal - Sphenoid - Ethmoid - Occipital - Temporal X2 - Parietal X2
28
What are the bones of the Viscerocranium ?
14 in total - Mandible - Vomer - Nasal bones X2 - Lacrimal bones X2 - Zygomatic X2 - Inferior Nasal Conchae X2 - Palatine bones X2 - Maxillae X2
29
Foramina of the skull-
- Cribriform plate - CN1 Olfactory - Optic Canal- CN2 Optic - Superior Orbital Fissure - CN3 Oculomotor, CN4 Trochlear, CN5 Ophthalmic, CN6 Abducens - Foramen Rotundum -CN5 branch 2 Maxillary - Foramen Ovale - CN5 branch 3 Mandibular - Internal acoustic meatus - CN7 Facial , CN8 Vestibulocochlear - Jugular Foramen- CN9 Glosopharyngeal, CN10 Vagus , CN11 Accessory - Hypoglossal Canal - CN12 Hypoglossal
30
Osteometric points:
- Glabella - Gnathion - Gonion - Labrale inferiorus - Mentolabial sulcus - Menton - Mid Nasal - Mid Philtrum - Mid Ramus - Pogonion - Prosthion - Rhinion - Subnasale - Vertex - Zygion
31
How many teeth do we have ?
32
32
4 types of teeth
incisors, Canines, Premolars and molars
33
Formation of teeth in the upper part of the oral cavity going from left to right looking at a person
M3, M2, M1, 2nd bicuspid, 1st bicuspid, cuspid, lateral incisor, centra incisor- Central incisor, Lateral incisor, cuspid, 1st bicuspid, 2nd bicuspid, M1,M2, M3
34
Vestibule
Between teeth and inner lining of the lips
35
How many surfaces are there of the teeth?
5
36
Different surfaces of the tooth
- Incisal - Occlusal - Mesial - Distal - Buccal - Palatal - Lingual - Labial - Cervical
37
Incisal
Biting edge of incisors and canines
38
Occlusal
Biting surface of pre molars and molars
39
Mesial
Surface of any tooth nearest to the midline
40
Distal
surface of any tooth furthest from the mid line
41
Buccal
Surface facing the cheeks (Premolars/molars)
42
Palatal
Surface of the teeth facing the palate of the upper teeth
43
Lingual
Surface facing the tongue
44
Labial
surface facing lips (Incisors and canines)
45
Cervical
Part of tooth next to gingival (gum) margin
46
3 sections of a tooth
Crown, Neck and root
47
Dental Charting
``` 4 quadrants - upper right, upper left lower right, lower left Fracture- hashtag Gone-- Present - X ```
48
Permanent Teeth
Larger and cervical necks straight and more in line with the root - Pulpal chambers are smaller and crowns larger in proportion with the roots
49
Sex Estimation in Adults
1. morphological traits of the skull 2. morphological traits of the pelvis 3. Discriminant Function analysis of hip bone 4. Post cranial skeleton
50
Nuchal Crest
- Males pointy/ ridged | - Females smooth
51
Mastoid process
- Male big and rounded | - female small and not very prominent
52
Orbital margin
- Males big and rounded | - females pointy
53
Supraorbital ridge
- males prominent and angular | - females Smooth
54
Mental eminence
- Males up and pointy
55
Frontal slope
Males- Inclined | Females-Vertical
56
Traits of the male pelvis
- Prominent muscle attachments - High and narrow - Narrow heart shaped pelvic inlet - Iliac blade more lateral - V shaped acute sciatic notch - Tall pubic symphysis - sub-pubic angle narrow and V shaped - Acetabulum large and lateral
57
Traits of the female pelvis
- Slight muscle attachments - Broad and narrow - Broad and oval - iliac blade flared laterally - U shaped/obtuse sciatic notch - short pubic symphysis - Broad U shaped pubic symphysis - Acetabulum small and anterolaterally
58
Discriminant Function Analysis of hip bone measurements
I ischial length upper rim of acetabulum to lower margin of ischial tuberosity A Acetabulum diameter P Pubic length, upper margin of pubic symphysis to nearest rim of acetabulum
59
DF value Male or female ?
neagtive female | positive male
60
DF Accuracy
98% accuracy but may be population differences
61
Post cranial skeleton measurements
``` Scapula - glenoid cavity Humerus- head diameter Humerus- epicondylar diameter Radius- Diameter of head Radius- Transverse diameter Femur- Head diameter Femur- Condylar breadth ```
62
Age estimation in perinatal and foetal
- Regression analysis - Diaphyseal femur length - Diaphyseal Tibia Length - Diaphyseal Humerus length
63
Age estimation from dental development
- Calcification and emergence of deciduous teeth - Root resorption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth - Calcification and emergence of permanent teeth - Refer to dental chart
64
Taphonomy
- Modern vs Archaeological - Animal vs human - Examination for potential trauma e.g Gnawing, trampling and cutting - Surface preservation level- Grade 0-5
65
Superior Facial Muscles
- Frontalis - Orbicularis Oculi - Nasalis - Zygomatic minor - Zygomatic Major - Orbicularis Oris - Risorius - Platysma
66
Deep muscles of the Face
- Temporalis - Corrugator supercii - Procerus - Levator Labii superioris - Levator anguli oris - Masseter - Buccinator - Depressor anguli oris - Depressor Labii inferioris
67
Branches of the facial nerve
- Temporal - Zygomatic - Buccal - Mandibular - Cervical
68
Glabella
on the forehead between the eyebrows
69
Vertex
Top of the skull
70
Naison
top of the nose
71
Mid-Nasal
middle of the nose
72
Rhinion
tip of the nose (Rhino)
73
Subnasale
Below the nose
74
Mid philtrum
Between bottom of the nose and top of the lip | -Cupid bow
75
Prosthion
top of teeth/top of the lip
76
Labale inferioris
- bottom of the bottom lip
77
Mento labial sulcus
Where the bottom of the lip attached in the inside of the mouth
78
Pogonion
Most anterior chin point
79
Gnathion
tip of the chin
80
Menton
Lowest inferior border of the mandible
81
Gonion
Tip of jaw at the back (Angle of the Jaw)
82
CN 1 Olfactory goes through what foramina ?
Cribriform Plate
83
CN 2 Optic goes through what foramina ?
Optic Canal
84
CN 3 Oculomotor goes through what foramina ?
Superior orbital fissure
85
CN 4 Trochlear goes through what foramina ?
Superior Orbital fissure
86
CN5 Trigeminal Goes through what foramina?
``` Opthalamic branch goes through- Superior orbital fissure Maxillary branch (2)- Foramen Rotundum Mandibular branch (3)- Foramen Ovale ```
87
CN6 Abducens goes through what foramina ?
Superior Orbital fissure
88
CN 7 Facial goes through what foramina ?
Internal Acoustic Meatus
89
CN 8 Vestibulocochlear goes through what foramina ?
Internal acoustic Meatus
90
CN9 Glossopharyngeal goes through what foramina ?
Jugular Foramen
91
CN 10 Vagus goes through what foramina ?
Jugular Foramen
92
CN 11 Acessory goes through what foramina ?
Jugular Foramen
93
CN 12 Hypoglossal goes through what foramina ?
Hypoglossal Canal
94
Osteometric point Mnemonic
Very Good Nuns Make Really Silly Metal Penises Like Many People, Good Men Go Missing
95
Mnemonic for Deep muscles of the face
The Clouds Look Like More Predictable Black Dark Days
96
Orbicularis oris
kissing muscle- purses or puckers the lips
97
Facial artery
Branch of ht external carotid. Laterally sit sin the groove posterior to submandibular gland
98
Risorius origin
originates from fascia attached to the parotid gland and inserts into modiolus. the modiolus is the collection of muscles at the corner o f the mouth.
99
masseter
Strongest muscle. it elevates and protracts the mandible in parallel with the medial pterygoid gland
100
Submandibular gland
Below the jaw
101
Insertion point of the temporalis and masseter
Coronoid process of the mandible
102
Bells palsy
Dysfunction of the facial nerve, results in twitching, weakness or complete loss of movement. Reversible
103
Orbicularis Oculi
The orbicularis oculi muscle surrounds the eye socket and extends into the eyelid. It has three distinct parts – palpebral, lacrimal and orbital. Attachments – Originates from the medial orbital margin, the medial palpebral ligament, and the lacrimal bone. It then inserts into the skin around the margin of the orbit, and the superior and inferior tarsal plates. Actions: Palpebral part – gently closes the eyelids. Lacrimal part – involved in the drainage of tears. Orbital part – tightly closes the eyelids. Innervation – Facial nerve (CN VII, temporal and zygomatic branches)
104
Corrugator Supercilii
The corrugator supercilii is a much smaller muscle, and is located posteriorly to the orbicularis oculi muscle. Attachments – Originates from the superciliary arch, running in a superolateral direction. Inserts into the skin of the eyebrow. Actions – Acts to draw the eyebrows together, creating vertical wrinkles on the bridge of the nose. Innervation – Facial nerve
105
Nasalis
The nasalis is the largest of the nasal muscles. It is split into two parts; transverse and alar. Attachments: Both portions of the muscle originate from the maxilla. The transverse part attaches to an aponeurosis across the dorsum of the nose. The alar portion of the muscle attaches to the alar cartilage of the nasal skeleton. Actions: The two parts have opposing functions. The transverse part compresses the nares, and the alar part opens the nares. Innervation: Facial nerve.
106
Procerus
The procerus is the most superior of the nasal muscles. It also lies superficially to the other muscles of facial expression. Attachments: It originates from the nasal bone, inserting into the lower medial forehead. Actions: Contraction of this muscle pulls the eyebrows downward to produce transverse wrinkles over the nose. Innervation: Facial nerve.
107
Oribicularis Oris
The fibres of the orbicularis oris enclose the opening to the oral cavity. Attachments: Arises from the maxilla and from the other muscles of the cheek. It inserts into the skin and mucous membranes of the lips. Action: Purses the lips. Innervation: Facial nerve.
108
Buccinator
This muscle is located between the mandible and maxilla, deep to the other muscles of the face. Attachments: It originates from the maxilla and mandible. The fibres run in an inferomedial medial direction, blending with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips. Actions: The buccinator pulls the cheek inwards against the teeth, preventing accumulation of food in that area. Innervation: Facial nerve.
109
Masseter
The masseter muscle is the most powerful muscle of mastication. It is quadrangular in shape, and can be split into two parts; deep and superficial. The entirety of the muscle lies superficially to the pterygoids and temporalis, covering them. Attachments: The superficial part originates from maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. The deep part originates from the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible. Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth. Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
110
Temporalis
Attachments: Originates from the temporal fossa. It condenses into a tendon, which inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible. Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth. Also retracts the mandible, pulling the jaw posteriorly. Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
111
Medial Pterygoid
Attachments: The superficial head originates from the maxillary tuberosity and the pyramidal process of palatine bone. The deep head originates from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. Both parts attach to the ramus of the mandible, near the angle of mandible. Actions: Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth. Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
112
Lateral Pterygoid
Attachments: The superior head originates from the greater wing of the sphenoid. The inferior head originates from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid. The two heads converge into a tendon, which attaches to the neck of the mandible. Actions: Acting bilaterally, the lateral pterygoids protract the mandible, pushing the jaw forwards. Unilateral action produces the ‘side to side’ movement of the jaw. Innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3).
113
Deciduous
1. Pulp chambers are wider and more vascularised 2. smaller and enamel is whiter and opaque 3. More bulbous and cervical junction more pronounced 4. Roots are shorter and narrower and they feature resorption of the roots.
114
Permanent Teeth
1. Larger and the cervical necks straight and more in line with the roots 2. Pulpal chambers are smaller and crowns larger in proportion with the roots
BMS 352 Forensic Anatomy
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions