Anatomy

Question 1

Outer ring of intervertebral discs

Answer 1

Anulus fibrosus

Question 2

Inner center of intervertebral discs

Answer 2

Nucleus pulposus

Question 3

Specific features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 3

2 transverse foramen
Often bifid, spinous processes
Uncinate processes

Question 4

Motions permitted in cervical vertebra? Limited?

Answer 4

Flexion/extension and side-bending; rotation

Question 5

Specific features of thoracic vertebra

Answer 5

Facets (T1, T9-12) and demifacets (T2-8) for head of rib, transverse costal facets

Question 6

Articular facet orientation of lower cervical vertebra

Answer 6

Largely horizontal, in axial plane

Question 7

Articular facet orientation of thoracic vertebra

Answer 7

Mostly vertical in coronal plane

Question 8

Motions permitted in thoracic vertebra? Limited?

Answer 8

Rotation, side-bending; flexion/extension, some rotation (spinous processes and ribs limit flexion)

Question 9

Specific features of lumbar vertebra

Answer 9

Accessory processes

Mammilary processes

Question 10

Articular facet orientation of lumbar vertebra

Answer 10

Facets face medially/laterally and are nearly vertical in the saggital plane

Question 11

Motions permitted in lumbar vertebra? Limited?

Answer 11

Lots of flexion and extension, side-bending; rotation by facets

Question 12

Iliolumbar ligaments connect…..to….

Answer 12

Transverse processes of L4 and L5; ilium

Question 13

Specific features of sacrum

Answer 13

Promontory, Ala, sacral foramina, auricular surface, sacral crests, sacral cornua, sacral hiatus and canal

Question 14

Specific features of coccyx

Answer 14

Apex and coccygeal cornua

Question 15

Trapezius

Answer 15

Proximal attachments: external occipital protuberance, cervical to lower-thoracic spinous processes
Distal attachment: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Action: upper fibers (elevate scapula), middle fibers (retract scapula), lower fibers (depress scapula)
Innervation: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

Question 16

Latissimus Dorsi

Answer 16

Proximal attachments: mid-thoracic to sacral spinous processes and iliac crest
Distal attachments: intertubercular sulcus (proximal humerus)
Action: adduct arm from an abducted position; extend arm from flexed position
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve

Question 17

Levator scapulae

Answer 17

Proximal attachments: transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
Distal attachments: superior angle of scapula
Action: elevate scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

Question 18

Rhomboid major/minor

Answer 18

Proximal attachments: lower cervical to upper thoracic spinous processes
Distal attachment: medial border of scapula
Action: retract scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

Question 19

Fascia

Answer 19

Resists force equally in many directions; anchors tissues with some shift

Question 20

Tendon

Answer 20

Transmits and resists force strongly along the line of force as muscle pulls bone

Question 21

Ligament

Answer 21

Resists distraction of bone away from another bone

Question 22

Aponeurosis

Answer 22

Broad flat tendon connecting muscle to bone

Question 23

Retinaculum

Answer 23

Broad flat ligament that restrains/tethers a muscle group to prevent bowstringing

Question 24

Muscles innervated by posterior rami

Answer 24

Splenius capitis and cervicis, erector spinae, semispinalis, semispinalis cervicis and capitis, multifidus lumborum, rotatores thoracis, intertransversarii, interspinous, levatores costarum

Question 25

Extrinsic back muscles

Answer 25

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, serratus, rhomboid

Question 26

Superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles

Answer 26

Splenius

Question 27

Intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles

Answer 27

Erector spinae

Question 28

Deep intrinsic back muscles

Answer 28

Transversospinalis - semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus

Question 29

Minor deep intrinsic back muscles

Answer 29

Suboccipital muscles, interspinalis, levatores costorum, and intertransversarii

Question 30

Splenius capitis

Answer 30

Proximal attachment: middle and lower cervical spinous processes Distal attachment: mastoid process and occipital bone Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral contraction - extension of the back and neck; unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending and rotation

Question 31

Splenius cervicis

Answer 31

Proximal attachment: Lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous processes Distal attachment: transverse processes of upper cervical Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral contraction - extension of the back and neck; unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending and rotation

Question 32

Iliocostalis

Answer 32

Proximal attachment: Iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar transverse processes Distal attachment: ribs, generally lateral to costal angle Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral contraction - extension of back and neck unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending

Question 33

Longissimus

Answer 33

Proximal attachment: sacrum, lumbar spinous processes, lumbar and thoracic transverse processes Distal attachment: ribs, medial to costal angle and more superior transverse processes Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral contraction - extension of back and neck unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending

Question 34

Spinalis

Answer 34

Proximal attachment: lumbar and thoracic spinous processes Distal attachment: more superior spinous processes Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral contraction - extension of back and neck unilateral contraction - ipsilateral side-bending

Question 35

Semispinalis cervicis

Answer 35

Proximal attachment: middle, lower cervical and upper thoracic transverse processes Distal attachment:upper cervical spinous processes up to C2 Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral - extends neck; unilateral - ipsilateral side-bending and slight contralateral rotation

Question 36

Semispinalis capitis

Answer 36

Proximal attachment: middle, lower cervical and upper thoracic transverse processes Distal attachment: occipital bone Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral - extends head and neck; unilateral - ipsilateral side-bending

Question 37

Multifudus lumborum

Answer 37

Proximal attachment: sacrum and lower lumbar transverse processes Distal attachment: lumbar spinous processes Innervation: posterior rami Action: bilateral - extends lower back and anchor vertebral column; unilateral - ipsilateral side-bending and contralateral rotation

Question 38

Rotatores thoracis

Answer 38

Proximal attachment: transverse processes of thoracic Distal attachment: spinous processes of thoracic Innervation: posterior rami Action: mostly proprioceptive stabilization muscles