Anatomy Flashcards

Question

Overview of the tongue

Answer 1

* The tongue is divided into an anterior two thirds (oral) and a posterior third (pharyngeal), demarked by a V shaped sulcus (terminal sulcus) * _Papillae_ cover the tongue and all **except _filiform_** have taste buds on their surface. * Undersurface contains medial fold (_frenulum_) which internally separates the right and left sides of the tongue.

Answer 2

* **Intrinsic muscle:** creates precise movement for speech, eating and swallowing. * **Extrinsic:** * **Genioglossus**: depresses and protrudes the tongue * **Hyoglossus:** depresses tongue * **Styloglossus:** retracts tongue * **Patalglossus:** elevates back tongue and depresses soft palate

Answer 3

_Supply_ * supplied by the lingual arteries and drained by the lingual veins _Innervation: Motor_ * Hypoglossal nerve (CN12) * general motor for the whole tongue apart from the palatoglossus * Vagus (CN10) * provides innervation to the palatoglossus _Innervation: Sensory_ * Chordia timpani (from CN7 facial nerve via the lingual nerveV³) * provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue * Lingula Nerve (V³) * provides sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue * Glossopharyngeal (CN9) * provides taste and general sensation to the posterior 1/3

Answer 4

* Sensory (somatic), special sensory (taste), motor and visceral * Exits through the Jugular Foramen * Provides innervation to- * Sensory- posterior 1/3 tongue, oropharynx * Taste- posterior 1/3 tongue * Motor- stylopharyngeus * Visceral to the parotid gland to stimulate secretion to aid digestion. * other salivary glands innervated via facial nerve (CN7)

Answer 5

* provides motor function to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (save palatoglossus) * exits through the hypoglossal canal: this is just lateral of the Foramen Magnum

Answer 6

* Provides a protective sphincter for the air passages and produces phonation, made up of cartilages: * Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate and Epiglottis * Contains ligaments, most important: * _Vestibular_ and the _Vocal_ ligament.

Answer 7

* Nerve supply: sensory and motor from the **vagus**, via the _superior laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal branch_. * Blood supply: upper half by the **superior thyroid artery** and lower half by **inferior thyroid artery**

Answer 8

* the most posterior part of the neck, situated behind the nasal cavity and the larynx. * It’s a funnel-shaped tube with three sections: * Nasopharynx * Laryngopharynx * Oropharynx * Muscles consist of three constrictors: Superior, Middle and Inferior * also the stylopharyngeus

Answer 9

* Motor supply via vagus, EXCEPTstylopharyngeus which is through CN9 * Sensory supply via V2, CN 9, CN10

Answer 10

* Provides Sensory, taste, visceral sensory, motor and visceral motor * Path: rootlets from medulla, through jugular foramen continues in carotid sheath, branches into head and thorax * Exit: Jugular foramen * Innervations * _Sensory_- from larynx, dura mater * _Taste_- epiglottis and pharynx * _Visceral sensory_- aortic bodies, aortic arch chemoreceptors, bronchi, heart, lungs, midgut and foregut * _Motor_- palatoglossus, muscles of pharynx and larynx * _Visceral motor_- as part of parasympathetic to smooth muscle in glands in pharynx, larynx, thoracic viscera, foregut and midgut.

Answer 11

* The deep fascia of the neck creates three important layers * Pretracheal fascia- Pink * Prevertebral fascia- Blue * Investing fascia- Green * Important as reduces the spread of infection * Enables structures to move past each other in movement and swallowing etc * Carotid sheath (Red) blends with the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia. It contains the * Common and internal carotid arteries. * Internal jugular vein. * Vagus nerve (CN 10). * Some deep cercal lymph nodes. * Carotid sinus nerve

Answer 12

* The neck is divided into the anterior and lateral/posterior compartment by the presence of the _sternocleidomastoid muscle_. * The anterior compartment is further subdivided into three paired triangles and one unpaired; * the unpaired **submental triangle**, * the paired **submandibular**, **carotid** and **muscular triangle**. * The posterior compartment is _bounded posteriorly by the trapezius_ muscle and is divided into two triangles by the presence of the _posterior belly of omohyoid_ into: * the large **occipital triangle** * the smaller **omoclavicular triangle.**

Answer 13

* Submandibular triangle bounded by: anterior and posterior bellies of digastric. * Contains: the submandibular gland, facial artery and vein. * Submental triangle bounded by: digastric. * Contains lymph nodes. * Muscular triangle bounded by: omohyoid, Supraclavicular Muscles SCM * Contains supra and infrahyoid muscles * Carotid triangle bounded by: omohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric, SCM. * Contains: common carotid artery, IJV, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve.

Answer 14

_Suprahyoid muscles_ * Stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid * Innervation: * Facial nerve for the stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric. * Mylohyoid by CN 5 and * Geniohyoid by CN 12 _Infrahyoid muscles_ * Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroid * Innervation: C1-C3 of ansa cervicalis

Answer 15

* Posterior triangle contains: Subclavian artery, EJV, Brachial plexus, CN 11, Cervical plexus * Occipital triangle bounded by: SCM, trapezius and omohyoid. * Supraclavicular triangle bounded by: clavicular head of SCM, clavicle and omohyoid

Answer 16

* Brachiocephalic ÷ Common carotid ÷ Internal and external carotids * External carotid ÷ 6 branches to supply the neck and head * Superior thyroid, * Ascending pharyngeal, * Lingual, * Facial, * Maxillary, * Superficial temporal * Subclavian arteries supplied by the inferior thyroid * Internal carotid forms no branches until it's inside skull

Answer 17

* The Internal jugular vein (IJV) drains the brain, face, cervical viscera and neck muscles. * External jugular vein * Anterior jugular vein

Answer 18

* Motor to Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius. * Exit: Jugular foramen.

Answer 19

* Type: Sensory, special somatic afferent for hearing, equilibrium and motion. * Path: Divides into Vestibular and Cochlear Nerves. * Exit: Internal acoustic meatus.

Answer 20

* Roots of cervical plexus C1-C4 lies anterior to Levator scapulae. * The cervical plexus provides cutaneous branches and deep motor branches (ansa cervicalis and phrenic nerve)

Answer 21

* Roots of the brachial plexus C5-T1 appear between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. * Five rami unite to form the three trunks of the brachial plexus * Supply cutaneous and motor to the upper limb.

Answer 22

1. Olfactory: Smell. 2. Optic: Sensory nerve of vision it is more correctly called a brain tract. 3. Oculomotor: innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles—muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit. 4. Trochlear: innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit. 5. Trigeminal: The trigeminal nerve provides general sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles. 6. Abducens: innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball (turns the eye laterally). 7. Facial: This nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression as well as other structures. 8. Vestibulocochlear: sensory nerve of hearing and equilibrium/ balance 9. Glossopharyngeal: innervates structures in the tongue and pharynx, 10. Vagus: this nerve “wanders” beyond the head into the thorax and abdomen. 11. Accessory: carries motor innervation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. 12. Hypoglossal: The name hypoglossal means “below the tongue.” This nerve runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles.

Answer 23

* Bones: comprised of paired **Nasal bones**, **Maxillae**, **Frontal bone** and **Septum**. * Cartilages: comprised of 3 main **lateral nasal cartilage**, **major alar cartilage** and **septal cartilage**• Septum divides the chamber into two cavities * Internal surface: lateral wall has three projections; **superior, middle and inferior conchae** * Nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx

Answer 24

* Supplied arterial branches from ophthalmic and maxillary. * Nerve supply from the olfactory nerve, ophthalmic( V¹) and maxillary (V²)

Answer 25

* Special sensory afferent nerve * Exits through the Cribiform Plate

Answer 26

* Olfaction is aided by the airflow through the nasal cavity * Conchae help warm and moisten the air * Olfaction receptors are in the epithelium lining the roof and walls, * The epithelium secretes a mucus fluid, odoriferous gases are dissolved into the fluid and then detected by the olfactory nerves

Answer 27

* Paranasal sinuses are air filled extensions of the nasal cavity * Paired **F****rontal sinuses** in frontal bone that drain through frontonasal duct. * **Ethmoidal cells (sinuses)** are invaginations in the ethmoid bone and drain into middle meatus (if anterior, or middle) or superior meatus (if posterior). * **Sphenoidal sinuses** in sphenoid bone that drain into spheno-ethmoidal recess. * Paired M**axillary sinuses** in maxilla drain into middle meatus.

Answer 28

Frontal, Maxilla, Ethmoidal, Lacrimal, Sphenoidal, Temporal-zygomatic, Nasal

Answer 29

* Outer fibrous- Sclera and Cornea * Vascular- Iris * Inner- Retina

Answer 30

* Special afferent – sensory * Exit from the Optic canal Special Embryology: Optic stalk grows out and lens vesicle grows in

Answer 31

* Levator Palpebrae, Superior Oblique, Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique * movement occurs around 3 axes: vertical, transverse and anterioposterior

Answer 32

* Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to extraocular muscles and general visceral efferent-parasympathetic via short ciliary nerves to the ciliary body and sphincter pupillae. * doesn't provide motor supply to the _superior oblique_ and _lateral rectus_ * exits through the Superior orbital fissure

Answer 33

* Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to **Superior Oblique** * Found on the posterior view of the pons * Exits through Superior orbital fissure

Answer 34

* Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to **Lateral Rectus** * Found in the pons at the floor of the fourth ventricles, at the same level as the facial colliculus * Exit: Superior orbital fissure

Answer 35

* Inability of specific eye movements (CN 3, 4, 6), * Dilated pupil (CN 3), * Ptosis (CN 3), * Abnormal pupil reflex (CN 3) * example of lesion: * CN 3 – Aneurysm of cerebral a. * CN 4 – Arbital fracture * CN 6 – Cavernous sinus lesion

Answer 36

* Lacrimal apparatus consists of lacrimal glands * **Orbital** * **Palpebral** * secretes lacrimal fluid which passes across the eye and into the _lacrimal papilla_, _lacrimal sac_ and to the _inferior meatus_ via the _nasolacrimal duct_. * Innervation * Parasympathetic: Secretomotor (via facial nerve CN7) * Sympathetic: Vasoconstrictive (superior cervical ganglion, via internal carotid)

Answer 37

* CN2, 3, 4, V1 (5), 6, 7 * Sympathetic: stimulates dilator pupillae to let more light in. * Parasympathetic: stimulates constrictor pupillae to let less light in.

Answer 38

* Ophthalmic Artery * Infraorbital artery * Central artery

Answer 39

* Somatic (general sensory) and somatic motor to derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch. * Three divisions- * Ophthalmic- V₁ * Maxillary- V₂ * Mandibular- V₃ * Exits through the * V₁: Superior orbital fissure * V₂: Foramen Rotundum * V3: Foramen Ovale

Answer 40

* Sensory fibres skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, front of head and nose * Branches into the **lacrimal**, **nasociliary**, **frontal** * Exits through the Superior Orbital Fissure

Anatomy Flashcards

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