1
Q
What is the urinary tract composed of?
A
- kidneys
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
2
Q
What is the upper urinary tract composed of?
A
- kidneys
- ureter
3
Q
What is the lower urinary tract composed of?
A
- blader
- urethra
4
Q
Where are the kidneys located? and what body cavities does the urinary tract pass through?
A
- retroperitoneal
- abdomen
- pelvis
- perineum
5
Q
Kidneys lie anterior to the _____ muscle and lateral to the _____ muscle
A
- anterior to quadratus lumborum muscle
- lateral to psoas major muscle
6
Q
The right kidney lies at what vertebra level?
A
- L1-L3
- slightly inferior due to the liver
7
Q
The left kidney lies at what vertebra level?
A
- T12- L2
8
Q
What ribs are the kidneys related to?
A
- floating ribs 11 and 12
9
Q
What is the name of the fat in close association with the renal capsule?
A
- perinephric fat
10
Q
The__ perinephric/paranephric__ fat is most anterior?
A
- paranephric fat
11
Q
What is the renal hilum composed of?
A
- renal vein (anterior)
- renal artery
- ureter
12
Q
How do you ballot a kidney?
A
- palpate inferior to the 12th rib
- ask patient to take a deep breathe in
13
Q
With inspiration the kidneys move in what direction?
A
- inferior
14
Q
What is the name of the recess anterior to the right kidney where fluid can accumulate?
A
- hepatorenal recess
15
Q
What is the arterial and venous supply to the kidneys?
A
- renal artery
- renal vein
16
Q
What are some of the arterial branches that supply the ureter
A
- renal artery
- abdominal aorta
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- vesical artery
17
Q
Vesical artery is also called?
A
- bladder artery
18
Q
Lymph from the kidneys drains into?
A
- lumbar nodes
19
Q
Lymph from the ureters drains where?
A
- lumbar nodes
- iliac nodes
20
Q
What gives the medulla is striated appearance?
A
- the regular arrangement of nephrons
21
Q
The minor calyx joins to form?
A
- major calyx
- drains into renal pelvis
22
Q
Urine from the renal pelvis next drains where?
A
- ureter
23
Q
What is the pelviureteral junction
A
- wider renal pelvis narrows into ureter
- anatomical site of constriction
24
Q
What are the 3 sites of constriction in the renal system?
A
- pelviureteral junction
- ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
- ureteric orifice
25
Where are renal stones most likely to get lodged?
- 3 constrictions
- pelviureteral junction
- ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
- ureteric orifice
26
Renal stones are also called?
- renal calculi
27
What causes renal stone formation?
- urine calcium salts
28
Staghorn calculus may be seen as a result of what?
- large calculi
29
What is the ureter response to a compression either internal or external?
- contraction of smooth muscle
- peristalsis
- colicky pain
30
Obstruction within the calces or ureter causes back up pressure where?
- unilateral kidney
31
Obstruction within the bladder causes ___unilateral/bilateral___ back up pressure
- either dependant on site
32
Define hydronephrosis?
- water inside the kidney
- can cause back pressure
- enlargement and renal failure
33
Describe the false pelvis?
- from iliac crest to pelvic inlet
| - part of abdominal cavity
34
Describe the true pelvis
- pelvic inlet to pelvic floor
| - pelvic cavity
35
What is the name of the muscle in the pelvic floor?
- lavator ani
36
What is the name of the anatomical boundary between the pelvic cavity and perineum
- pelvic floor
37
The ureters pass __anterior/posterior__ to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?
- anterior
38
What happens to the direction of the ureters at the level of the ischial spine?
- ureters turn medially
| - enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
39
Name the peritoneal pouch in the males?
- rectovesicale pouch
40
The ureter runs __inferior/superior__ to the vas deferent?
- inferior
41
Name the 2 peritoneal pouches in the female?
- rectouterine
| - vesico-uterine
42
What is the most dependant pouch in the female peritoneal cavity?
- rectouterine
43
In females the ureter runs __superior/inferior__ to the uterine tubules and uterine artery?
- inferior
| - water under the bridge
44
Name the 3 bladder openings in the male bladder
- 2 ureteric orifice
| - internal urethral orifice
45
Describe the trigone of the bladder?
- between the 2 ureteric orifices and internal arterial orifice in males
46
What is the name of the muscle that lines the bladder in males?
- detrusor muscle
47
What prevents retrograde reflux of sperm into the ureter during contraction of the bladder?
- detrusor muscle forms a sphincter over the 2 ureteric orifices
48
A full bladder may extend into where?
- the false pelvis
49
Name the sphincter below the prostatic urethra?
- external urethral sphincter
| - enters into spongy urethra
50
Where is sperm produced?
- seminiferous tubules
51
Where is sperm stored?
- epididymis
52
The spermatic cord enters the abdomen through what anatomical site?
- inguinal canal
53
What is contained within the spermatic cord?
- testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- vas deferens
- lymphatics
54
When testes grow during development what do they invaginate?
- tunica vaginalis
55
Describe hydrocele?
- excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis
56
What is the blood supply to the testes?
- right and left testicular artery
| - branch of abdominal aorta
57
What is the venous drainage to the testes?
- right testicular vein --> inferior vena cava
| - left testicular vein --> left renal vein
58
The right testicular artery drains into what?
- inferior vena cava
59
The left testicular vein drains into what?
- left renal vein
60
The ureter is __posterior/anterior__ to the vas deferents?
- posterior
61
Where is the location where the ejaculatory duct joins to form the prostatic urethra?
- the prostate gland
62
What does the prostatic urethra transmit?
- semen and urine
63
Name the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis?
- corpus spongiosum
- right corpus cavernosum
- left corpus cavernosum
64
Blood supply to the penis?
- internal iliac artery
65
Blood supply to the scrotum?
- internal and external iliac artery
66
Lymphatic drainage from the penis drains where?
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
67
Ureteric peristalsis and bladder contraction is under what control?
- autonomic
68
Urethral sphincter control?
- internal (males) - autonomic
| - external (both) - somatic motor
69
Where do sympathetic fibres leave the spine?
- T1- L2
70
Name the 2 sympathethic splanchic chains?
- abdominopelvic splanchnic
| - cardiopulmonary splanchnic
71
Specific to the urinary tract where does the sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord?
- T1 - L2
| - abdominopelvic splanchnic
72
Where does parasympathetic leave the CNS?
- CN III, VII, IX, X or sacral spinal nerves
73
Parasympathetic control to the kidneys and ureter
- CN X
74
Parasympathetic control to the bladder
- S2, S3, S4
75
Explain the process of urination in terms of nerves
- visceral afferents sence stretch
- detrusor muscle contracts
- internal, external urethral sphincter and levator ani relax
76
Urination is ___sympathetic/parasympathetic___
- parasympathetic
| - S2, S3, S4
77
Kidney pain is at what spinal level
- T11- L1
78
Ureters pain is at what spinal level
- T11 - L2
79
Bladder pain is at what spinal level
- superior - T11- L2
| - inferior - S2, S3, S4
80
Distal urethra pain is what?
- localised
| - somatic sensory
81
Testis pain felt where?
- T10- T11
| - Scrotum or lower abdomen
Renal
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