1
Q
anatomy is
A
study of the structure of body parts and their relationship with one another
2
Q
macroscopic anatomy(gross anatomy) is
A
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
3
Q
sectional anatomy is
A
looks at the body in cross sections to help understand the internal arrangements of the body parts.
4
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
deals with structures to small to be seen with the naked eye.
5
Q
physiology is
A
the study of the functions in the the body and how body parts work to carry out life sustaining activities.
6
Q
what are the 3 regions found in the body
A
-head
-trunk
-extremities
7
Q
how does the frontal/ coronal planes divide
A
it divides the body into anterior(front of the body) and posterior sections(Back of the body)
8
Q
how does the sagittal plane divide
A
it divides the body into left and right regions
9
Q
how does the parasagittal plane divide
A
divides into unequal right to left sections
10
Q
What is the body’s organization order
A
-Chemical levels(atoms and molecules)
-cellular level(cells and their organelles)
-tissue level(Groups of similar cells)
-organ level(contains 2 or more types of tissues)
-organ system level(organs that work closely together)
-organismal level(all organ systems combined to make the whole organism
11
Q
how does the horizontal(transverse) planes divide
A
it divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower parts)
12
Q
how does the oblique plane divide
A
It passes through the body at an angle
13
Q
where is the Thoracic cavity located
A
located in the chest its protected by the rib cage
14
Q
where is the abdominopelvic cavity located
A
located below the thoracic cavity and includes the abdominal and pelvic regions
15
Q
what is serous membrane
A
its a thin layer of tissue that lines internal body cavities and covers the organs within them, allowing for smooth movement and reducing friction.
16
Q
what is the anatomical position of an individual
A
upright stance, facing forward, arms at their side, palms facing forward, legs parallel.
17
Q
what is homeostatic regulation with 2 examples
A
it detects change in the internal environments and triggers a response to restore balance.
ex-body temp, blood pressure
18
Q
components of homeostatic regulation
A
receptor, control center, effector
19
Q
what is negative homeostatic regulation
and positive homeostatic regulation
A
negative-reduces the stimulus \
positive-amplifies the stimulus(the change)
20
Q
what happens if homeostatic fails
A
it would lead to dysfunction and diseases.
21
Q
what is proximal
A
if its above a certain body part going up ex- the knees are proximal to the to the feet)
22
Q
what is distal
A
below a certain body part or origin body part ex-the hands are distal to the elbow
23
Q
what is superior
A
above another structure and closer to the head ex-the heart is superior to the stomach
24
Q
what is inferior
A
below or lower than another structure ex-the stomach is inferior to the heart
25
what is supine
a position where a person is lying on their back
26
what is prone
a position where a person lye's on their stomach facing down.
27
what is medial
its something that is towards the center of the body ex-the spinal cord rungs down the middle of a persons back
28
what is lateral
a position that is away from the midline of the body ex-the eyes are lateral to the nose
29
what is Anterior
structures that are located towards the front of the body ex-the biceps are anterior to the triceps
30
what is posterior
directions towards the back of the body ex-shoulder blades are posterior
31
what is cephalic
anything related to the head and of the body ex-face,forhead,mouth
32
what is superficial
the structure that is closer to the surface of the body like skin, ex-skin is superficial to the heart
33
1-The nose is BLANK to the ears
2-The arms are BLANK to the heart
3-the hands are BLANK to the elbow
4-the knees are BLANK to the feet
1-Medial
2-lateral
3-distal
4-proximal
34
what is a molecule
2 or more atoms bonded together
35
what is a isotope
chemical element that has the same number of protons and different number of neutrons
36
what is matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
37
what is a compound
specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together.
38
what are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges
protons-positive charge
neutrons- neutral charge
electrons-negative charge
39
why is the valence shell important in a Bohr model
because it determines the chemical reactivity along with atom stability, and how it forms with other bond.
40
what subatomic particle will be different in a isotope.
neutron number
41
how are isotopes beneficial
they allow scientists to track substances in the body, used in medical imaging.
42
what are the 3 types of chemical bonds
ionic bonds,covalent bonds (strongest), hydrogen bonds(weakest)
43
what are ionic bonds with examples
a bond formed from positive and negatively charged ions ex-sodium chloride
44
what are covalent bonds with examples
formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, this sharing allows each atom to achive a full outter shell of electrons
(occurs when there is a sharing of 2 valence shells between 2 atoms which allows atoms to have full valence shells ex-2 e-=sing bond) or water
45
what is a non polar bond
equal sharing of electron and its electrically balanced ex-anatomic element
46
what is a polar bond
unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms, it leads to partial charges ex-water is polar
47
what are the 4 elements
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
48
what are hydrogen bonds
they are weak magnetic attraction ex-DNA
49
what are the 4 types of chemical reactions
1-dehydration synthesis
2-decomposistion/hydrolysis
3-exchange
4-reversable
50
what is dehydration synthesis
removing water from bonds to create bigger structures from small components
51
what is decomposition
adding water to break down molecules and bonds
52
what is reversable
reactions that can go both ways like cellular respiration and photosynthesis
53
what are enzymes
they are biological catalyze that speed up reactions
54
what type of macromolecule are enzymes
proteins
55
what is required for a chemical reaction
1-product
2-reactant
56
what is energy
the capacity to do work
57
what are the four structures of a protein
primary, secondary(alpha or beta), tertiary(most functional), gutanary
58
what type of protein structure does hemoglobin have
quaternary
59
what are the three components of a nucleotide
1-nucleic acid(DNA,RNA)
2-nitrogenous base(AT-GC)
3-phosphate group
60
how do DNA and RNA Structures differ
sugar, Location,strucutre, Nitrogenous base(AT-GC) (AU-GC)
61
which nucleic acid carry's our genetic information
DNA
62
Which nucleic acid is used to protect proteins
RNA
63
which nucleic acid forms high energy bonds
ATP
64
List 4 kinds of fats
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids(cholesterol),eicosanoids
65
Going from a Polymer to a Monomer is
Decomposition or (anabolism)
66
going from monomer to polymer is
Dehydration synthesis or (catabolism)
67
what are the 4 macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
68
what is carbohydrates macromolecule, polymer, bond, and function
monomer-monosacride
polymer-polysacride
bond-glycosidic bond
function-energy
69
what is a lipids macromolecule, polymer, bond, and function
macromolecule-fatty acids and glycerol
polymer-triglycerides
bond-ester bond
function-energy storage and insulation
70
what is a proteins macromolecule, polymer, bond, and function
macromolecule-amino acids
polymer-poly peptide
bond-peptide bond
function-enzymes
71
what is a nucleic acids macromolecule, polymer, bond, and function
macromolecule-nucleotides
polymer-DNA and RNA
bond-phosphodiester
function-protein synthesis, genetic material
72
if a pH is lower it is
acidic it is which means it has a higher hydrogen ion concentration
73
Explain the Cell Theory
-Cell is the smallest unit of life
- All organisms are made up of 2 or more cells
- Cells arise from pre existing cells
74
The 2 main types of cells in the body are the BLANK and BLANK
- Somatic cells (Mitosis/Division)
- Sex cells (Meiosis)
75
The type of sex cells found in male are the BLANK and female the BLANK
- Sperm
- Gamete
76
What cells continuously undergo cell division also known as Mitosis
Somatic Cells
77
The plasma membrane is made up of which macromolecules
- Lipids (phospholipid Bilar)
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
78
List 4 main functions of the plasma membrane
1- Selectively permeable (only certain things can come in)
2- Cells signaling
3- divides out fluid
4- its a barrier
79
List 4 roles of proteins in the Plasma membrane
1- Active transport (allows cells to move through the membrane)
2- Respecter for signal transduction (allows cells to receive information)
3- Enzymatic activity (allows cells to transform from one substance to another)
4- Cells recognition (allows cells to recognize one another through physical contact)
80
What are a few roles of the cytoplasm
-Helps movement of material in the cell
- Maintains the cell shape
- A medium for various cell process
81
Define permeability
Its how easy fluids can pass through the membrane
82
Define impermeable
It prevents the passage of substances across the membrane
83
Define freely preamble
membranes that allow all substances to pass through without any selective barriers
84
Differences between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis- ingestion of large solid particles (bacteria)
Pinocytosis- ingestion of liquid and dissolved substances
85
Difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis- it is engulfed (pulled into) cell like sweat glands
Exocytosis- it is transported out of the cell (uses endocytosis+exocytosis to form a vesicle and fuse to lysosomes)
86
What organelles are classified as none-membranous (does not have a lipid bilayer membrane surrounding it)
- Ribosomes
- Centrioles
- Cytoskeleton
- Endoplasmic reticulum
87
Which organelles are classified as membranous
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
88
What are introns
Non coding DNA sequences within a gene that are removed during RNA splicing
89
What are exons
Coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA and are translated into proteins
90
What are Codons
3 nucleotides in mRNA that specific a particular amino acid during protein synthesis
91
What are Anti Codons
3 nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with a codon to insure the correct amino acid is added during translation
92
Chromatin is produced from using BLANK + BLANK which produces the BLANK. The BLANK coils producing chromatin which as it continues to tighten produces a BLANK
(DNA)
(Histones)
(Nucleosomes)
(Nucleosomes)
(Chromosome)
93
What are the 2 parts of protein synthesis
- Transcription
- Translation
94
BLANK is the coping of the template strand of DNA to produce mRNA. BLANK involves converting mRNA into BLANK
(Transcription)
(Translation)
(Proteins)
95
What are the 3 steps of translation
- Initiation (ribosomes assemble around mRNA and first tRNA)
- Elongation (amino acids are brought to ribosomes by tRNA and link to form a chain)
- Termination (finished polypeptides is released in ribosomes disassemble)
96
What are the 3 forms of passive transport
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
97
How does the fusion defer from osmosis
Diffusion- Movement of MOLECULES from an area of high concentration to low
Osmosis- Refers to WATER movement a crossed a semipermeable membrane
98
What are the forms of active transport
Primary- Sodium potassium to get through the membrane (needs energy ATP)
Secondary- Uses primary ATP from active transport to go through the membrane
Vesicular- Deals with endocytosis and exocytosis
99
KNEE
GROW
100
Active transport requires what
- Energy (ATP)
- Transport proteins
101
What is tonicity
Solution can change the shape or plasma membrane tension of cells by altering the cells internal water volume
102
What happens to the volume in isotonic solutions
Same osmolary as inside so volume remains the same
103
What happens to the cell in hypotonic solutions
Higher osmolary then inside the cell, water flows out, the cell shrinks
104
What happens to the cell in hypertonic solutions
Lower osmolary then inside the cell, water flows into the cell, the cell swells
105
What are the parts of the cell cycle that
G1- Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication
S- Replicates its DNA making 2 sets of chromosomes
G2- Cell grows and prepares for mitosis
M- Cell divides its DNA and cytoplasm to form 2 new cells
106
What are the phases of mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
107
What is the difference between interphase and mitosis
Interphase- Occurs first, deals with cell growth, and DNA replication
Mitosis- Deals with duplicated and separated chromosome processes
108
What occurs in DNA replication
- DNA is unzipped
- New strand is formed using original strand (Semiconservative) and a newly synthesized strand
- DNA replication occurs in 3 stages called Initiation, Elongation, Termination
109
What effects molecule speed
Size, Temp, and Concentration
110
What are the 3 parts to intercellular junctions
- Tight junction
- Desmosomes
- Gap Junction
111
In exchange reaction what has to come before synthesis
Decomposition
112
What denaturation
Unfolding a protein
113
what is anabolism
construct larger molecules from smaller units, requiring energy
114
what is metabolism
convert food into energy, enabling vital functions and maintaining life.
115
what is catabolism
a set of metabiotic pathways that breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
116
what is a compound
substance made up of 2 or more elements
117
dehydration synthesis is
forming bonds by removing water
118
decomposition is
breaking down a molecule by adding water ex-protiens
119
exchange reaction is
cations and anions of the reactants exchange their positions in the products.
120
reversible reaction
breaking down and going the opposite direction
121
3 properties of water are
universal solvent
cohesion
adhesion
122
What is Ph
its a reversible reaction that breaks water down into OH
123
what kind of concentration does a neutral pH have
It has equal concentration
124
what is the pH of blood
7.35
125
how do you convert a monomer from a polymer
monomer to polymer (simplest form to complex form)=dehydration synthesis
polymer to a monomer(complex to simplest form)=decomposition
126
difference between a monomer and polymer
monomer-a simple molecule that is a building block
polymer-a long chain of repeating monomers
127
what is a nucleotide composed of
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
128
Which nucleic acid is used to produce proteins
DNA and RNA
129
what cell continuously undergoes cell division
somatic
130
4 functions of the plasma membrane
1-structure
2-controls what gets in and out
3-divides out fluid
4-cell signaling
131
components of the nucleus
double membrane, opening called nuclear poor's, nuclelois
132
what is membrane potential
its the difference in electric potential of the interior and exterior of the biological cell
133
importance of the valence shell
tells us the stability of the atom.
134
example of a organic compound
glucose
135
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