Anatomy final

Question 1

1. What is the primary function of the external ear?

Answer 1

Acoustic gain through Resonance

Question 2

2. Explain why the external ear is the body part most susceptible to frostbite.

Answer 2

Limited circulation, does not have adipose tissue, its position

Question 3

3. In what range is the sound pressure gain of the external ear most important?

Answer 3

About 2000-7000 hertz which is the range of human speech

Question 4

4. What are other functions of the external ear?

Answer 4

Protection from things getting in ear, angle sound into ear, earwax and ear hair protects it from infection

Question 5

5. Name the three middle ear bones.

Answer 5

Malleus(connects to outer ear bones), incus, stapes(vibrates fluid in inner ear)

Question 6

6. What muscles are found in the middle ear? What is their function?

Answer 6

Stapedius Muscle – contracts prevents loud noise from causing damage

Sensory

Question 7

7. What is the primary function of the middle ear apparatus?

Answer 7

Pushes sound into much smaller inner ear increases force of sound (matches the impedance of air and liquid in inner ear)

Question 8

8. What is the most important contributing factor to the impedance matching function of the middle ear?

Answer 8

The area ratio of the tympanic membrane

Question 9

9. What cranial nerve reflex helps protect the ear from loud noises? (name and describe)

Answer 9

Acoustic middle ear reflex- uses sensory and motor neuron to protect from overly loud sounds

Question 10

10. What is the primary function of the inner ear?

Answer 10

Signal Transduction (it sendes electron messages)

Question 11

11. In what bone is the inner ear located?

Answer 11

Petrous temporal

Internal acoustic meatus

Question 12

12. What two special senses does the inner ear house?

Answer 12

Vestibular, Auditory

Balance, Hearing

Question 13

13. Why is the inner ear also called the labyrinth?

Answer 13

It’s a complex fluid filled maze

Question 14

14. Name the parts of the bony labyrinth.

Answer 14

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

Question 15

15. What are the sensory receptor cells in the inner ear called, and why?

Answer 15

Hair cells- the sergatilla looks like hair

Question 16

16. Two different fluids are found in the inner ear. Why is this important for signal transduction?

Answer 16

endolymph, perilymph

Endolymph is high in pottassium

Question 17

17. What does tonotopic organization mean? How is the cochlea organized? xxxxxxx

Answer 17

xxx

Question 18

20. Where is the olfactory sensory epithelium located?

Answer 18

In roof of nasal cavity/Nasopharynx,

Question 19

19. How many discrete sensory epithelia are found in the inner ear?

Answer 19

6 total,

1 in each of the 3 semicircular canal
2 in the vestibule
1 in the cochlea

Question 20

What is the primary function of the middle ear?

Answer 20

Primary Function- transitions air sound into watery inner ear

Impedance- Blocking
Water has higher impedance then air

Question 21

What is the primary function of the inner ear?

Answer 21

Signal Transduction

Question 22

What are the steps of general signal transduction?

Answer 22

18. Generic Signal Transduction
19. Stimulus(EX- physical movement, chemical, light energy)
20. Ion channel opens or G-protein activated
21. Change in membrane potential
22. Activation of voltage gated Ca(Calcium) channels
23. Calcium tells neurotransmitter residue to bind release NT (NeuroTransmitters)
24. NT binds to receptors on neurons
25. AP