Anemia Flashcards

Question

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 1

most common symptom: - cervical and suraclavicular laymphadenoathy - 2/3 have mediastenal involvement Localized symptom: -painless adenopathy Respiratory:cough or chest pian (mediastenal involvement)

Answer 2

* fever \>38 °C for 3 consecutie days * Unexplained weight loss of 10% or more within the previous 6 months * drenching night sweat

Answer 3

–**Stage I** - Involvement of a **single lymph node region** or of a single extralymphatic organ or site –**Stage II** - Involvement of **2 or more lymph node regions** on the same side of the diaphragm or localized involvement of an extralymphatic organ or site and 1 or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm –**Stage III** - Involvement of lymph **node regions on both sides of the diaphragm,** which may be accompanied by localized involvement of an extralymphatic organ, or site, or both –**Stage IV** - Diffuse or **disseminated involvement of 1 or more extralymphatic organs** or tissues with or without associated lymph node involvement

Answer 4

**–Acquired:** * Vitamin K deficiency (leading to factor II, VII, IX and X deficiency), * Liver disease (impaired synthesis of clotting factors), * Anticoagulants, Disseminated intravascular coagulation **–Congenital**: * Haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), * Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), * Von Willebrand's disease (causes a defect in platelet adhesion)

Answer 5

* Patients with severe disease usually have less than 1% factor activity. It is characterized by spontaneous hemarthrosis and soft tissue bleeding in the absence of precipitating trauma. * Patients with moderate disease have 1-5% factor activity and bleed with minimal trauma. * Patients with mild hemophilia have more than 5% FVIII activity and bleed only after significant trauma or surgery

Answer 6

**Increased destruction** : immunological: * immune thrombocytopenic purpura, * systemic lupus erythematosus, * drugs Non-immunological: * damage, e.g. prosthetic heart valve, * consumption, e.g.disseminated intravascular coagulation, * haemorrhage **Reduced production:** * Marrow aplasia: drugs, chemicals, radiation * Marrow invasion, e.g. carcinoma, myeloma, leukaemia, fibrosis **Sequestration:** Hypersplenism

Answer 7

* Congenital or familial * Acquired: myeloproliferative disease ,dysproteinemia, chronic renal failure, chronic liver disease

Answer 8

–Infection: infective endocarditis, septicaemia –viral exanthemata (measles) –Drugs, e.g. steroids –Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) –Vasculitis: polyarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schönlein purpura –Fat embolism –Dysproteinemia

Answer 9

* is a small-vessel vasculitis characterized by purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and hematuria. The etiology of HSP is unknown. * About 50% of patients have a preceding upper respiratory illness * Male-to-female ratio is about 2:1. * Cl: –Palpable purpura, particularly on the buttocks and legs –Edema of the hands, feet, –Arthritis, most commonly involving the knees and ankles –Abdominal tenderness –Gastrointestinal bleeding

Answer 10

* Common: chronic myeloid leukaemia, myelofibrosis * Rare: Malaria, primary lymphoma of spleen

Answer 11

* The above causes * Portal hypertension * Lymphoma, leukemia (acute or chronic) * Thalassaemia * Storage diseases (Gaucher's disease)

Answer 12

* The above causes * Other myeloproliferative disorders: –polycythaemia rubra vera –essential thrombocythaemia * Haemolytic anaemia * Megaloblastic anaemia * Infection: –viral (e.g. infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis) –bacterial (e.g. infective endocarditis) –protozoal (e.g. malaria) * Connective tissue diseases: –rheumatoid arthritis –systemic lupus erythematosus –polyarteritis nodosa * Infiltrations: amyloid, sarcoid

Anemia Flashcards

(36 cards)