Angiosperms

Question 1

Angiosperm characteristics

Answer 1

Sp Div-1st
Dominant vegetation
-Siphonogomy
-Double fertilization
-Covered seeds 
-Flowers and fruit

Question 2

Unique angiosperm features (4)

Answer 2

Xylem w/ vessel elements and phloem w/ sieve tubes

• Flowers and fruit
• Female gametophyte reduced to embryo sac
• Double fertilization

Question 3

Flower

Answer 3

Modified reproductive shoot

• Stem=receptacle
• bearing 4 floral whorls

Question 4

4 Floral Whorls

Answer 4

1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamens
4. Carpels

Question 5

Receptacle

Answer 5

Stem of flower (small disk)

-area where flower parts attach

Question 6

Sepals

Answer 6

Outermost whorl

• Usually green
• Enclose other whorls in bud
• Prevent desiccation
• Calyx

Question 7

Calyx

Answer 7

Collective term for sepals

Question 8

Petals

Answer 8

2nd whorl

• Attraction
• Corolla

Question 9

Corolla

Answer 9

Collective term for petals

Question 10

Perianth

Answer 10

Collective term for calyx and corolla

-Non reproductive whorls

Question 11

Stamens

Answer 11

• 3rd floral whorl
• Microsporophylls
• Filament-Stalk
• Anther

Question 12

Anther

Answer 12

Stamen

• Sac w/ microsporangium
• Makes pollen

Question 13

Microsporophylls

Answer 13

Leaf bearing microsporangia

-Stamen

Question 14

Carpel

Answer 14

4th floral whorl

• Megasporophyll that has folded up and encloses ovule
• Stigma-receives pollen
• Syle-pollen tube grows down this stalk
• Ovary-houses ovule

Question 15

1. Monocot trend

2. Dicot trend

Answer 15

1. Flower parts come in 3’s

2. Flower parts come in 4’s or 5’s

Question 16

a-

Answer 16

1 or more whorls is missing

• uni sexual flowers
• Staminate or Pistilate

Question 17

1. Staminate

2. Pistilate

Answer 17

1. Stamens but no carpel (male)

2. Carpels but no stamen (female)

Question 18

Fruit

Answer 18

Mature ovary bearing seeds

-Develops after fertilization

Question 19

Pericarp

Answer 19

Fruit wall

Question 20

Exocarp

Answer 20

Outerlayer of fruit

-peel, skin, rind

Question 21

Mesocarp

Answer 21

Middle layer of fruit

-Fleshy and yummy

Question 22

Endocarp

Answer 22

Inner layer of fruit

-often hardened or “absent” (pit)

Question 23

Layers of fruit (4)

Answer 23

Pericarp, exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp

Question 24

Fleshy fruits

Answer 24

Fleshy mesocarp
Meant to be eaten so animals disperse seeds
-Berry-basic form of fleshy fruit
-Drupe

Question 25

Drupe

Answer 25

Variation of berry w/ stony endocarp (pit), one seed | -cherry, almond, olive

Question 26

Dry Fruits

Answer 26

Hard pericarp - Endocarp usually "absent" - Dehiscent or Indehiscent

Question 27

Dehiscent (Dry) Fruit

Answer 27

Breaks open by itself to release seeds - Many seeds per fruit - Seed is unit of dispersal

Question 28

Indehiscent (Dry) Fruit

Answer 28

Do not break open - Fruit is unit of dispersal - Fluff (dandelion) - Helicopter wings - Hooks and spines - Achene and Samara

Question 29

Achene

Answer 29

Basic indehiscent fruit (sunflower seeds) | -Shell is pericarp and seed is fruit

Question 30

Samara

Answer 30

Winged achene

Question 31

Aggregates

Answer 31

Fruits from an apocarpous flower - Each carpel develops into fruit - Yields aggregate of fruitlets - Rasberry

Question 32

Fusion

Answer 32

- Parts free | - Parts fused: conation and adnation

Question 33

Parts Free

Answer 33

Parts not fused to each other apo- -Apocarpy-carpels aren't fused (blackberry)

Question 34

Conation

Answer 34

Fusion of like parts (petal to petal) | Syn- or sym-

Question 35

Adnation

Answer 35

Fusion of unlike parts | -Stamens to petals is common

Question 36

Actinomorphic Symmetry

Answer 36

Radially symmetric | -All planes can be divided into equal halves

Question 37

Zygomorphic Symmetry

Answer 37

Bilateral symmetry | -Can be divided into equal halves of only one plane

Question 38

Inflourescence

Answer 38

Group of flowers

Question 39

Embryo Sac Structure

Answer 39

Reduced female gametophyte - Reduced to 7 cells and 8 nuclei - Lacks archegonia - Egg apparatus - Central cell - Antipodal cells

Question 40

Function of embryo cells

Answer 40

Synergids- attract pollen tube - Egg cell gets fertilized to make embryo - Polar nuclei-fertilized to produce endosperm - Antipods-unknown

Question 41

3 Steps of Reproduction

Answer 41

1. Pollination 2. Germination 3. Double Fertilization