animal form & function

Question 1

Regulation

Answer 1

an animal is said to be a regulator for a particular environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
- the otter is a regulator for temperature, keeping its body at a temperature that is largely independent of the water in which it swims

Question 2

Conformation

Answer 2

an animal is a conformer for a particular variable if it allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the variable

• the bass conforms to the temperature of the lake it inhabits
• as the water warms or cools, so does the body of the bass

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

means “same state”

• referring to the maintenance of internal balance
• in achieving homostasis, animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly

Question 4

Epithelium

Answer 4

occuring as sheets of closely packed cells, cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body
- b/c epithelial cells are closely packed, often with tight junctions, they function as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss

Question 5

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 5

thin & leaky
single layer of platelike cells
- allow materials to pass through by diffusion & filtration, & secretes lubricating substance
- lines air sacs of lungs & the lining of the heart, blood vessels, & lymphathic vessels

Question 6

Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 6

• thicker
• secretes & absorbes; some are ciliated
• makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules & many glands, including the thyroid gland & salivary glands

Question 7

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Answer 7

thicker (large brick-shaped cells)

• absorbs; it also secretes mucous & enzymes
• CILLIATED tissues are in bronchi uterine tubes, & uterus
• SMOOTH (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract, bladder
• lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices & absorbing nutrients

Question 8

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 8

thicker (single layer of cells varying in height)

• secretes mucous; ciliated tissue moves mucus
• ciliated tissue lines the trachea & much of the upper respiratory tract

Question 9

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 9

for protective surfaces; impermeable to most materials; protects against abrasion

• multilayered & regenerates rapidly
• commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, esophagus anus and vagina

Question 10

Skeletal muscle

Answer 10

attached to bones by tendons

• striated
• consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres
• responsible for the voluntary movements

Question 11

Cardiac muscle

Answer 11

forms the contractile wall of the heart

• striated
• has fibres that interconnect via intercalated disks, which relay signals from cell to cell & help synchronize heart contraction

Question 12

Smooth muscle

Answer 12

• lacks striations
• found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs
• responsible for involuntary body activities (such as churning of the stomach & constriction of arteries)

Question 13

Nervous tissue

Answer 13

functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

• contains neurons, or nerve cells, which transmit nerve cells, which transmit nerve impulses, as well as support cells called glial cells, or simply glia
• in many animals, a concentration of nervous tissue forms a brain, an information-processing centre

Question 14

Connective tissue

Answer 14

consisting of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, holds many tissues & organs together in place

1. Loose connective tissue
2. Fibrous connective tissue
3. Adipose tissue
4. Cartilage
5. Bone
6. Blood

Question 15

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 15

• most widespread CT in vertebrates
• has loose weave of its fibres, has all 3 types
• found in the skin & throughout the body

Question 16

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Answer 16

• dense with collagenous fibres

- found in tendons (attach muscles to bones, & ligaments, which connect bones at joints)

Question 17

Bone

Answer 17

connective tissue

• skeleton of most vertebrates
• living tissue that secretes a really hard matrix that holds the cells in place, but bone itself is a living organ

Question 18

Cartilage

Answer 18

at the end of a bone, skeletal elements in our noses and ears, and joints where they cushion one bone to another

• contains collagenous fibres embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex
• strong yet flexible support material
• skeletons of vertebrate embryo contain cartilage that is replaced by bone

Question 19

Adipose

Answer 19

specialized loose CT; stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix

• each cell contain little droplets of fats/lipids
• pads & insulates the body & stores fuel as fat molecules

Question 20

Blood

Answer 20

connective tissue

• has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma, which consists of water, salts, & dissolved proteins
• in plasma, red cells carry oxygen, white cells function in defence, & platelets aid in blood clotting

Question 21

Extracellular matrix

Answer 21

the meshwork surrounding animal cells

Question 22

Differentiate between the 4 general adult tissues types.

Answer 22

epithelial: sheets of closely packed cells; cover body and organs
connective: typically, sparely distributed cells in a secreted matrix
muscle: responsible for nearly all types of body movement
nervous: functions in the receipt, processing, & transmission of information

Question 23

What is anatomy?

Answer 23

shape of things/organisms

Question 24

What is physiology?

Answer 24

how things work, how parts of the body work together and how the different cells metabolism, and how things just do what they do

Question 25

What did Lamack believe?

Answer 25

"form follows function" - ex: giraffes have to stretch their necks to reach, will cause their necks to grow - the more you use something, the stronger its going to be

Question 26

What did Darwin believe?

Answer 26

"form precedes function" - whether you can use a function - ex: if you have a long neck you are more likely to survive and offspring will win over those who don't have a longer neck

Question 27

How can Cogenital Mirror Movement Disorder come to be?

Answer 27

ex: right side of brain controls left side of body and vice versa (all nerves) - can make mistakes (b/c sometimes they don't jump to the other side)

Question 28

What is tissue?

Answer 28

integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function

Question 29

Which Epithelial Tissues are collagen present in?

Answer 29

- simple squamous epithelium - cuboidal epithelium - pseudostratified columnar epithelium - stratified squamous epithelium

Question 30

What is categorized as a Negative feedback loop?

Answer 30

- body temp - blood pH - blood sugar levels - blood calcium levels - thyroid hormone levels - bile production - and so many others

Question 31

What is categorized as a Positive feedback loop?

Answer 31

- amplify changes rather than dampsen them (bigger & bigger until system breaks) - a few ex's: - blood clotting - uterine contractions (mediated by oxytocin) - male ejaculation (also mediated by oxytocin)

Question 32

Muscle tissue

Answer 32

``` tissue responsible for nearly all types of body movement 3 types: 1. skeletal muscle 2. smooth muscle 3. cardiac muscle ```

Question 33

What happens when temp falls BELOW set point?

Answer 33

the hypothalamus activates WARMING mechanisms - blood vessels in the skin CONSTRICT (narrow), MINIMIZING heat loss - skeletal muscles CONSTRUCT; SHIVERING generates heat - temp increases (the hypothalamus shuts off the warming mechanisms)

Question 34

What happens when temp RISES above set point?

Answer 34

the hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms - blood vessels in the skin DILATE (expand); INCREASING heat loss - glands secrete SWEAT that evaporates cooling the body - temp decreases (the hypothalamus shuts off the cooling mechanisms)