ANT276 Midterm 2

Question 1

michael warner

Answer 1

Things are queered when the norm is resisted

Question 2

Krafft-Ebing

Answer 2

• Sexual identity is generally assumed to be based on your biology
• Who and what you are attracted to made you a certain type of person

Question 3

Sigmund Freud

Answer 3

• The purpose of sexual behavior is pleasure and not procreation (major shift)
• Sexuality is a consequence of development → sexual behavior is then fixed into adulthood

Question 4

Masters and Johnson 1950s-60s

Answer 4

• Performed “scientific” studies to understand the physiology of sex
• Focused on heterosexual activity and on intercourse as the norm for achieving orgasm
• Deviations from this model led to ideas of sexual dysfunction and pathologies

Question 5

Existentialists

Answer 5

• A person who claims a fundamental identity is in bad faith, for they deny their choice and freedom to be that particular way
• Denies biological determinism and social essentialism
• Deny that people are born with a certain identity or that they develop one from childhood

Question 6

Jean-Paul Sartre

Answer 6

A waiter is not a waiter but is simply BEING a waiter

Question 7

Simone de Beauvoir

Answer 7

• Freedoms can be limited and are experienced differently by people
• Woman deny their freedom to focus on being “for others” (being dainty)
• Men are encouraged to embrace their freedom

Question 8

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 8

• Viewed sex as a benign behavior, something people should be open about
• Published research showing high frequency of “abnormal” sexual behavior and attraction
• People had at least some overt same-fender experience to orgasm and many more experienced some degree of same-gender attraction
• The kinsey scale → a spectrum between heterosexuality and homosexuality rather than there being a binary
• Failed to include genders other than female and male

Question 9

Sandra Bern

Answer 9

• Androgynous Theory: rigid gender roles were psychologically unhealthy
• Gender roles are internalized by children
• Gender is not a useful way of categorizing people and we should move away from it

Question 10

Audre Lorde

Answer 10

• Women = white
• Black women = other

Question 11

Bell Hooks

Answer 11

Marginality is a place of resistance while holding on to our humanity and compassion

Question 12

Adrienne Rich

Answer 12

All forms of sexuality should be examined, including the normative ones
Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence
Heterosexuality is easily threatened
The lesbian continuum should capture bonds between all types of women (not just sexual)
Suggests that all man-woman relationships are coercive (in a patriarchal society, men force women to be straight)
Oppresses gay men & other marginalized sexualities
If heterosexuality was so natural, it wouldnt feel so threatened by alternatives

Question 13

Monique Wittig

Answer 13

“The straight mind” captures how heterosexuality is woven into the way we think/are
So only non-heterosexuals ask themselves why they are the way they are
Relationships between men and women are obligatory
Lesbians are not women (women only make sense in a heterosexual world)
Suggests there are only to political responses to the straight mind: total conformity or radical revolution

Question 14

Kimberle Crenshaw

Answer 14

• Demarginilizing the intersection of race and sex
• Race, gender, sexuality, class, etc cannot be regarded separately from all others
  Work together always

Question 15

Gayle Rubin

Answer 15

Sex wars (sex positive & sex negative feminists)
Book called “thinking sex”
Argued against the oppression of sex workers, sadomasochists, trans, gay, and lesbians
Six ideologies operate together to constrain us: sexual essentialism, sex negativity, importance of sexual behavior, sex hierarchy, domino theory of sexual peril, and the lack of understanding that sexual variation can be benign
Inner limits = good
Outer limits = bad
Assimilationist movement → attempts to move into the charmed area of the sex hierarchy
These movements still leave the marginalized to be oppressed → instead, the hierarchy should be undone

Question 16

Teresa de Lauretis

Answer 16

1990 conference on “Queer Theory”
Exploring the ways in which power operates in relation to sexuality
Refusing heterosexuality as the standard
Insisting that sexual subjectivity is shaped by gender and race in a variety of ways
Moving away from the singular understanding of lesbian & gay studies
Rejected the term “queer theory”

Question 17

Michel Foucault

Answer 17

Sexuality is produced through knowledge

Question 18

Judith Butler

Answer 18

Gender and sexuality are intrinsically linked and are acts that are performed not fixed identities

Question 19

Peggy McIntosh

Answer 19

Problems with privilege

Question 20

Diana Fuss

Answer 20

Inside/Out

Question 21

Eve Kosofsky Sedgick

Answer 21

How to bring your kids up gay

Question 22

Jack Halberstam

Answer 22

LOW (cartoons)
HIGH (academic)

Question 23

Anne Fausto-Sterling

Answer 23

There is biological diversity associated with sex/gender stereotypes

Question 24

Cordelia Fine

Answer 24

Gender performativity primes neural connections

Question 25

San van Anders

Answer 25

Sexuality is multi-dimensional (fluid & dynamic, socially situated, lived experience)

Question 26

Derrick Bell

Answer 26

Race, racism and american law

Question 27

Kimberle Crenshaw

Answer 27

People who belong to more than one marginalized class create a “blind spot” for anti-discrimination laws

Question 28

Cathy Cohen

Answer 28

Identity and community can be important to one’s survival

Question 29

Janice Raymond

Answer 29

Trans people should remain in their assigned gender and fight rigid gender roles

Question 30

Christina Richards

Answer 30

Queer theory risks falling into another set of binaries with trans experience