Anterior Triangle

Question 1

What are the Skeletal and carilagenous components of the neck?

Answer 1

• 7 cervical vertebrae
• hyoid bone
• Larynx (thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage)

Question 2

Cricothyrotomy

Question 3

Tracheotomy

Question 4

What muscle is in the superficial fascia of the neck?

Answer 4

Platysma

Question 5

What are the 4 distinct layers of the deep cervical fascia?

Answer 5

1. Inversting: covers entire neck area
2. Pre-Vertebral: Surrounds the vertebral column, scalenes and deep neck/back muscles​
3. Pre-Tracheal: covers the trachea, pharynx, esophagus and thyroid/parathyroid glands
4. Carotid Sheath: surrounds the internal jugular vein, common carotid artery and vagus nerve

Question 6

Name the 3 fascial spaces between the fascial layers

Answer 6

1. Pre-Trachial: between the investing fascia and pretracheal fascia (anterior part) and extending from the neck to the superior mediastinum
2. Retropharyngeal: between the buccopharyngeal (posterior surface of the pharynx and esophagus) and the prevertebral fascia
3. Within the prevertebral layer

Question 7

What are the muscles of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 7

1. Platysma
2. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Suprahyoid/Infrahyoid group
4. Laryngeal/Pharyngeal

Question 8

What are the nerves of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 8

1. Cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, X, XII)
2. Spinal nerves – Cervical plexus
3. Autonomic – Cervical sympathetic trunk and parasympathetics from Vagus

Question 9

What are the arteries of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 9

Common carotid arteries

Question 10

What are the glands/organs of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 10

Submandibular gland

Thyroid/Parathyroid gland

Question 11

What are the organs of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 11

Larynx/Trachea

Esophagus

Question 12

What is the Anterior boundary of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 12

midline of the neck

Question 13

What is the Posterior boundary of the Anterior Cervical Triangle

Answer 13

anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 14

What is the Superior boundary of the Anterior Cervical Triangle

Answer 14

Inferior border of the body of the mandible.

Question 15

What is the floor boundary of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 15

Larynx and Pharynx

Question 16

What is the Roof boundary of the Anterior Cervical Triangle?

Answer 16

layer of the deep cervical fascia

Question 17

What is the innervation of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 17

Spinal Accessory Nerve 11 (CN 11)

Question 18

What is the sensory supply for the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 18

C2,C3

Question 19

What does the Sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

Answer 19

moves the neck laterally and flexes it, also rotates it.

Question 20

What is torticollis?

Answer 20

Is a shortening of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle due to hematoma with fibrosis. Causes rotation of head to opposite side with lateral flexion.

Question 21

Name the 3 sub-triangles of the anterior cervical triangle.

Answer 21

1. Submandibular: has the hypoglossal nerve, submandibular gland and facial artery and vein.
2. Submental: lymph nodes
3. Muscular: infrahyoid muscle, thyroid and parathyroid glands
4. Carotid: carotid arteries, part of hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve.

Question 22

What are the Suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 22

1. Anterior Belly of Digastric
2. Posterior Belly of Digastric
3. Stylohyoid
4. Mylohyoid
5. Geniohyoid

Question 23

What do the Suprahyoid muscles do?

Answer 23

• they suspend the hyoid bone from the mandible
• they raise the hyoid bone during swallowing
  *

Question 24

What innervates geniohyoid?

Answer 24

C1

Question 25

What innervates Anterior belly of digastric?

Answer 25

Mandibular (V3) nerve; (motor innervation)

Question 26

What innervates Posterior Belly of Digastric?

Answer 26

Facial Nerve CN 7

Question 27

What innervates Stylohyoid?

Answer 27

Facial Nerve CN 7

Question 28

What innervates Mylohyoid?

Answer 28

Trigeminal Nerve CN V3

Question 29

What does the Infrahyoid muscles do?

Answer 29

* coordinate movement of swallowing * attach hyoid to inferior structures

Question 30

What innervates the Infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 30

C1-C3 via Ansa Cervicalis

Question 31

What are the muscles that make up the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 31

1. Sternohyoid 2. Omohyoid 3. Thyrohyoid 4. Sternothyroid

Question 32

Where does the right common carotid arise from?

Answer 32

it arises from the brachiocephalic artery

Question 33

Where does the left common carotid arise from?

Answer 33

It arises directly from the aorta

Question 34

Where does the common carotid bifurcate? (at what level)

Answer 34

C3-C4 it bifurcates into the internal and external carotid

Question 35

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 35

1. Superior thyroid 2. Ascending pharyngeal 3. lingual 4. facial 5. occipital 6. posterior auricular 7. superficial temporal arteries 8. maxillary

Question 36

What is the carotid sinus?

Answer 36

it is a dilation at origin of internal carotid artery that contains baroreceptors (they monitor bloop pressure)

Question 37

What is the carotid body?

Answer 37

contains chemoreceptors (GVA fibers) that monitor O2 and CO2 levels

Question 38

True or False ## Footnote Atherosclerotic plaques are very common at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What is the Ansa Cervicalis?

Answer 39

* Loop of nerve fibers from cervical plexus *

Question 40

What does the Ansa Cervicalis innervate?

Answer 40

its branches innervate the infrahyoid muscles.

Question 41

What nerves form the Cervical Plexus?

Answer 41

ventral rami from C1-C4