ANTIHELMINTIC

Question 1

Definisi helminths

Answer 1

• makroskopik, organisma multiselular, yang mempunyai sistem pencernaan, perkumuhan, pembiakan dan saraf mereka sendiri

Question 2

Definisi helminthiasis

Answer 2

• Penyakit di mana bahagian tubuh dipenuhi dengan satu atau lebih cacing parasit usus such (roundworm, tapeworms or flukes)

Question 3

Definisi antihelmintic

Answer 3

• ubat yang digunakan untuk merawat jangkitan yang disebabkan cacing parasit.
• sekumpulan ubat antiparasit digunakan untuk menyingkirkan cacing parasit (helminths) dan parasit dalaman lain dari badan dengan cara mengejutkan atau membunuhnya dan tanpa menyebabkan kerosakan yang ketara pada tuan rumah.
• Dikenali tindakan vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that kill)

Question 4

Nyatakan 3 kumpulan utama helminths beserta cth

Answer 4

(1) Nematodes (roundworms)
Wuchereria bancrofti - filariasis
Enterobius vermicularis - piworms
Ascaris lumbricoides - roundworms
Trichuris trichiura - whipworm
Ancylostoma duodenate - hookworm
Strongyloides stercoralis

(2) Trematodes (flukes)
Schistosoma species
Fasciola hepatica & Fasciola gigantica

(3) Cestodes (tapeworms) 
Taenia saginata - beef tapeworm
Taenia solium - pork tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum - fish tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus - hyatid disease

Question 5

Nytakan kategori antihelminths

Answer 5

(1) Diethylcarbamazine
(2) Ivermectin
(3) Meendazole
(4) Pyrantel pamoate
(5) Thiabendazole
(6) Praziquantel
(7) Albendazole
(8) Niclosamide

Question 6

Jelaskan bg Diethylcarabamazine

Answer 6

Jelaskan bg Diethylcarabamazine

• BRAND NAME: Hetrazan
• INDIKASI : -Merawat Filariasis, control of heartworm larvae in dogs, use for nematodes (tissue and some roundworms)
• Safe for use in pregnant & young animals(Not teratogenic).
• MOA : DEC disrupt the microtubules & inhibit microtubules polymerization
  in microfilaria

Question 7

Jelaskan bg Ivermectin

Answer 7

• Brand name: Stromectol
• indication: used for the treatment of threadworm disease or strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis or river blindness.
• Highly effective against all nematode but has no activity against cestodes and
  flukes.
• MOA: Ivermectin targets the parasite’s glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors.
• Chloride influx is enhanced, and hyperpolarization occurs, resulting in paralysis of the worm paralysis and death of the worms (vermicide)

Question 8

Jelaskan bg Meendazole

Answer 8

• Brand name: Vermox
• INDICATION: for the treatment of diseases caused by pinworms, roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms. Use for NEMATODES
• Adverse effects: Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
• Warning & precaution: Mebendazole is teratogenic in animals
  and therefore contraindicated in pregnancy. & children younger than 2 years of age

Question 9

Jelaskan bg Pyrantel Pamoate

Answer 9

• Brand name: Antiminth, Pin-Rid
• Indication:for treatment caused by pinworms and roundworms.
• MOA:PERSISTENT ACTIVATION OF PARASITES NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
• THE PARALYZED WORM IS THEN EXPELLED FROM HOST,S INTESTINAL TRACT.

Question 10

Jelaskan bg Thiabendazole

Answer 10

• Brand name: Mintezol
• effective against threadworm, cutaneous larva migrans, and early stage of trichinosis.
• Use for nematodes (tissue and some roundworms)
• MOA: Inhibits the helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase
• ADR: Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, giddiness are most common.
• Contraindication in pregnancy.

Question 11

Jelaskan bg Praziquantel

Answer 11

• Brand name: Biltricide
• Novel antihelmintic, board range of activity against trematodes (Schistosomes), cestodes but not nematodes.
• MOA: Act as vermicide by :
  • 1- interfering with ionic balance due to leakage of intracellular calcium from membrane causing rapid muscular contraction.
  • 2. contracture and paralysis Loss of intestinal mucosal grip expelled.
• Contra Indication: in pregnant women and ocular Cysticercosis.

Question 12

Jelaskan bg Albendazole

Answer 12

• Brand name: Albenza
• a broad-spectrum oral anthelmintic agent
• Indikasi:untuk rawatan luka aktif yang disebabkan oleh cacing pita babi (pork
  tapeworm) dan cystic disease of liver, paruparu, dan peritoneum yang disebabkan oleh cacing pita anjing.(dog tapeworm)
• It is also used in the treatment of pinworm and hookworm, round worm, whip worm, and thread worm infections.
• Side effects: Mild and transient epigastric distress, diarrhea, headache, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia can occur

Question 13

Jelaskn bg Niclosamide

Answer 13

• Brand name: Mansonil®
• MOA: Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and interfering with anaerobic generation of ATP by the tapeworm.
• ADR: Niclosamide is safe during pregnancy and in patients with poor health.
• Indikasi:for treatment of tape worm infestation in dogs & cats , Beef tape worm,
  pork tape worm and fish tape worm.