AOTA Module 5

Question 1

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 1

X-linked genetic disorder causing absence of dystrophin, leading to progressive muscle degeneration and weakness

Typically leads to death in early teens.

Question 2

Define Dyskinetic cerebral palsy.

Answer 2

CP characterized by involuntary, uncontrollable, rhythmic or writhing muscle movements

Associated with damage to the basal ganglia.

Question 3

What is Dysautonomia?

Answer 3

Related to neurological injury, especially in acquired brain injuries; treatment includes hydration, avoiding triggers, medications

Examples include POTS and neurocardiogenic syncope.

Question 4

What is the Early Start Denver Model?

Answer 4

Approach focusing on joint attention and shared interaction using a naturalistic applied behavioral approach for children under 4

Emphasizes early intervention.

Question 5

What does the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System do?

Answer 5

Classifies motor skills and safety when eating into 5 levels

Uses a decision tree for assessment.

Question 6

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

Answer 6

X-linked dominant disorder causing learning and cognitive disabilities

Most common inherited cause of intellectual disability.

Question 7

What is a Full and Individualized Evaluation (FIE)?

Answer 7

Testing to determine eligibility for special education

Essential for identifying student needs.

Question 8

What is the Functional Communication Scale?

Answer 8

Series of 7-point rating scales assessing aspects of functional communication and swallowing

Example: Level 7 = most functional.

Question 9

Define Global developmental delay.

Answer 9

Significant delays in 2 or more areas of development

Affects cognitive, physical, and social skills.

Question 10

What is the Gross Motor Functional Classification Scale (GMFCS)?

Answer 10

5-level system used to classify severity of gross motor function impairments in individuals with CP

Example: Level 1 = most independent.

Question 11

What does Hepatic refer to?

Answer 11

Descriptor of a condition relating to the liver

Important in various medical contexts.

Question 12

What is Hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Answer 12

Underdeveloped and thickened wall of the left ventricle associated with aorta underdevelopment needing 3 surgeries in first 2 years

Critical congenital heart defect.

Question 13

Define Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Answer 13

Brain injury caused by insufficient oxygen and blood supply, typically occurring before, during, or shortly after birth

Can lead to severe neurological impairments.

Question 14

What is an Ischemic stroke?

Answer 14

Interruption of blood flow to parts of the brain caused by a blocked blood vessel

Common cause of stroke.

Question 15

What is Kernicterus?

Answer 15

Brain damage from untreated severe jaundice, causing athetoid cerebral palsy, hearing loss, vision deficits, and learning disabilities

Critical condition requiring prompt treatment.

Question 16

What does the Manual Ability Classification Scale (MACS) assess?

Answer 16

Classifies level of functional hand use in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy across 5 levels

Useful for therapy planning.

Question 17

Define Meningocele.

Answer 17

Type of spina bifida where protective layer around spinal cord pushes through spinal column; partial to full recovery with surgery

Less severe than myelomeningocele.

Question 18

What are Metabolic Disorders?

Answer 18

Group of rare disorders involving defective genes that may not produce enzymes or produce them in smaller quantities

Can lead to various health issues.

Question 19

What are Mitochondrial disorders?

Answer 19

Inherited mutated maternal genetic material causing cell dysfunction by disrupting energy production

Affects high-energy organs like brain, heart, and muscles.

Question 20

What is the Modified Tardieu Scale used for?

Answer 20

Tool to measure spasticity in muscles and their response to movement

Primarily used in Cerebral Palsy.

Question 21

What are the Mullen Scales of Early Learning?

Answer 21

Standardized assessment to evaluate cognitive and motor development from birth to 5:8 years

Assesses GM, FM, VP, and language.

Question 22

What does Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) refer to?

Answer 22

3 tiers of support in education: 1=general education, 2=at-risk children with targeted interventions, 3=intensive strategies/special education

Aims to provide appropriate support for all students.

Question 23

What is Muscular dystrophy?

Answer 23

Group of muscle diseases caused by genetic mutation characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

Affects movement control.

Question 24

Define Myelomeningocele.

Answer 24

Most severe form of spina bifida; spinal cord and surrounding tissues protrude through lumbar/sacral region

Often leads to significant disabilities.

Question 25

What is **Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome**?

Answer 25

Condition in infants characterized by low birth weight, seizures, irritability; developmental and motor delays persist into toddler ages ## Footnote Associated with maternal substance use.

Question 26

What does **PANDAS** stand for?

Answer 26

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections ## Footnote Characterized by OCD/tic disorder appearing after strep infection.

Question 27

What is **Palliative Care**?

Answer 27

Specialized medical care focused on improving quality of life by relieving symptoms and providing support ## Footnote No focus on restoration of function or independence.

Question 28

What is **Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)**?

Answer 28

Connection between pulmonary artery and aorta that remains after birth ## Footnote Typically closes naturally but may require intervention.

Question 29

What is **Pivotal Response Training**?

Answer 29

Play-based and child-initiated behavioral treatment targeting natural reinforcement and praising attempts ## Footnote Aims to enhance motivation and self-management.

Question 30

Define **Reciprocal Imitation Training**.

Answer 30

Behavioral training using imitation of the child and prompted imitation of the adult to increase skill building ## Footnote Effective for interaction in autistic children.

Question 31

What is **Relationship Development Intervention**?

Answer 31

Focus on coping with change, being flexible, and integrating information from multiple sources ## Footnote Aims to improve social skills.

Question 32

What is **Rett Syndrome**?

Answer 32

Rare genetic neurological disorder primarily in girls causing loss of purposeful hand use, disrupted speech, and ataxic gait ## Footnote Associated with multiple disturbances.

Question 33

What are **Single-gene disorders**?

Answer 33

Mutations affecting a single gene; can be dominant, recessive, or X-linked ## Footnote Example: Sickle cell anemia.

Question 34

What is **Spina bifida occulta**?

Answer 34

Mild form of spina bifida caused by a gap in the vertebrae; often asymptomatic ## Footnote Can lead to nerve damage during growth spurts.

Question 35

What is **Spinal Muscular Atrophy**?

Answer 35

Hereditary disease that progressively destroys motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord ## Footnote Leads to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Question 36

What are the effects of **Syphilis Infection** on infants?

Answer 36

Bone damage, severe anemia, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, nerve problems, meningitis, skin rashes ## Footnote 40% lead to death in infancy.

Question 37

What is **Tetralogy of Fallot**?

Answer 37

Congenital heart defect including four anomalies: ventricular septal defect, narrowing of pulmonary artery, misplaced aortic valve, and ventricular hypertrophy ## Footnote Requires surgical intervention.

Question 38

What is **Transposition of the great arteries**?

Answer 38

Condition where pulmonary artery and aorta are switched between right and left ventricles ## Footnote Critical congenital heart defect requiring surgical correction.

Question 39

What is a **Traumatic Brain Injury**?

Answer 39

Leading cause of death and disability in children from falls, car accidents, bike-related accidents, and abuse/head trauma ## Footnote Requires immediate medical attention.

Question 40

What is a **Ventricular septal defect**?

Answer 40

Hole in the septum dividing the ventricles ## Footnote Common congenital heart defect.

Question 41

What is **Angelman Syndrome**?

Answer 41

Complex genetic condition affecting the nervous system * Motor ataxia * Epilepsy * Intellectual disability * Severe speech delay ## Footnote This syndrome is characterized by developmental delays and other neurological issues.

Question 42

Define **Arnold Chiari II Malformation**.

Answer 42

Congenital condition where the cerebellum and brainstem extend into the spinal canal ## Footnote Often associated with spina bifida and can compress the spinal cord, disrupting cerebrospinal fluid flow.

Question 43

What is **Amyoplasia**?

Answer 43

Most common form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) ## Footnote Characterized by joint contractures in two or more areas of the body.

Question 44

What is an **Atrial Septal Defect**?

Answer 44

Hole in the septum between the right and left atrium ## Footnote This condition can lead to various cardiovascular complications.

Question 45

Define **autoimmune disorders**.

Answer 45

Immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues ## Footnote The immune response cannot shut off the attack, leading to various health issues.

Question 46

What is **Automatic dysreflexia (AD)**?

Answer 46

Sudden elevation in blood pressure related to irritation below the level of spinal cord injury * Sweating * Blotchy skin * Headache/neck pain * Blurred vision ## Footnote This condition is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention.

Question 47

What is **Bimanual Intensive Training**?

Answer 47

Common therapy for CP that trains both hands to work together ## Footnote Involves high repetition, goal-oriented tasks.

Question 48

Define **Cerebral palsy**.

Answer 48

Group of disorders affecting a child’s ability to move and maintain posture ## Footnote Caused by disturbances in brain development, impacting sensation, perception, cognition, vision, communication, and pain.

Question 49

What are **chromosomal disorders**?

Answer 49

Parts of chromosomes are missing or misplaced ## Footnote Example: Down syndrome/trisomy 21.

Question 50

Define **Coarctation of Aorta**.

Answer 50

Narrowing of the aorta ## Footnote Laryngeal nerve damage can occur during surgery, causing vocal cord dysfunction.

Question 51

What are **complex disorders**?

Answer 51

Genetic disorders affected by lifestyle and environment ## Footnote Involves mutations in one or more genes, e.g., colon cancer.

Question 52

What is **Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection (CMV)**?

Answer 52

Passed from mother to infant ## Footnote Can lead to hearing loss, developmental/motor delay, vision loss, microcephaly, and seizures.

Question 53

Define **Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CIMT)**.

Answer 53

Therapeutic approach involving restricting the unaffected arm ## Footnote Engages the affected arm in intensive, repetitive, and goal-directed activities.

Question 54

What is **Cystic Fibrosis**?

Answer 54

Autosomal recessive chronic disorder affecting secretory glands ## Footnote Primarily impacts the digestive and respiratory systems.

Question 55

What is the **Evaluation of Occupation**?

Answer 55

Everyday activities and life roles meaningful for a child ## Footnote Examples include play, dressing, feeding, classroom routines, and peer interactions.

Question 56

Define **Evaluation of Performance Skills**.

Answer 56

Observable, goal-directed actions used to complete occupations ## Footnote Examples include grasp, posture, sequencing, visual tracking, and bilateral coordination.

Question 57

What is the **Evaluation of Performance Patterns**?

Answer 57

Habits, routines, roles, and rituals influencing participation in occupations ## Footnote Examples include morning routine, classroom expectations, play preferences, and transitions.

Question 58

Define **Evaluation of Client Factors**.

Answer 58

Specific capacities, characteristics, or beliefs impacting performance ## Footnote Examples include strength, endurance, sensory processing, attention, emotional regulation, and motivation.

Question 59

What is the **Evaluation of Context and Environment**?

Answer 59

External and internal conditions influencing occupational performance ## Footnote Examples include home setup, classroom demands, family routines, cultural expectations, sensory environment, and peer dynamics.