APUSH 24-25 > AP BIO > Flashcards

AP BIO Flashcards

(138 cards)

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1
Q

vesicle

A

a small fluid filled vacuole in the body

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2
Q

endocytosis

A

a type of bulk transport to move polar proteins through the membrane to the inside of the cell

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3
Q

exocytosis

A

a type of bulk transport to move polar proteins across the membrane to the outside of the cell

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4
Q

protein

A

CHO + N and S

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5
Q

carbohydrate

A

CHO

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6
Q

nucleic acid

A

CHO + N and P

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7
Q

lipid

A

CHO, mostly CH (CH is non polar and hydrophobic)

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8
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

single bonds between carbons

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9
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

at least one double bond, causing the structure to kink

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10
Q

low PH

A

high concentration of H+ ions, acidic

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11
Q

high PH

A

low concentration of H+ ions, basic

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12
Q

osmosis

A

the flow of water from a place of low concentration to high concentration

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13
Q

osmoregulation

A

the critical function of the cell monitoring its solute balance through osmosis

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

when the concentration outside of the cell is less than the concentration inside the cell, so the cell bloats

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

when the concentration outside of the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell, so the cell shrivels

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16
Q

isotonic

A

concentration outside of cell equals concentration inside of cell (IVS)

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17
Q

turgid

A

high turgor pressure causes a prokaryotic cell to become stiff and hard, more structurally sturdy and can stand up

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18
Q

flaccid

A

limp, soft, lacking structure

a cell becomes flaccid when it is isotonic according to AP Bio Penguins

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19
Q

turgor pressure

A

the central vacuole of a prokaryotic cell fills with water and presses against the cell wall to make the plant stand firm and give it structure

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20
Q

cell wall

A

-provides structure boundary
-acts as a semi-permeable boundary for some substances
-helps prevent osmotic lysis (the cell bursting from the pressure being too high)

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21
Q

vacuole

A

multiple in eukaryotic cells, one central one in prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

osmotic lysis

A

the cell bursting because of too much pressure

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23
Q

cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, mitosis, and cytokinesis, eventually resulting in cell division

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24
Q

Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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25
G1
first growth of the cell during interphase
26
S
synthesis of DNA during interphase
27
G2
second growth of the cell during interphase (cell stretches)
28
Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
29
chromosomes
long stranded DNA coiled around proteins containing the genetic instructions for function
30
chromatin
complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that forms the chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
31
ribosomes
made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and RNA to synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) instructions into amino acid chains (polypeptide chains)
32
mitochondria
aerobic cell respiration
33
matrix
the non-living organism between cells and within organelles that provides structure and supports the key metabolic reactions that take place in the organelles
34
inter membrane space
the narrow region between the inner membrane and outer membrane of organelles like the mitochondria (eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (prokaryotic cells)
35
cristae
the folds on the mitochondrial membrane used to increase the surface area to volume ratio of the cell, and therefore to increase efficiency in eukaryotic cells
36
Golgi complex
correctly folding and modifying new proteins; labeling them and packing proteins for export
37
Rough ER
synthesizes proteins, has ribosomes (rough, proteins, tough, RAHHHHHHHHHHHH)
38
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids, has no ribosomes (smooth, soft, cuddly, lipids, fats, yayyyyy)
39
carrier proteins
shuttle proteins to the Golgi complex from the smooth ER bing to ligans, receptors, sugars, etc. to shuttle proteins across the membrane through facilitated diffusion, passive transport, or active transport with or against the concentration gradient
40
DNA
fundamental molecule holding the genetic instructions for function, growth, and reproduction of all organisms ATCG
41
RNA
versatile single stranded nucleic acid, crucial for synthesizing proteins, regulating genes, and acting as the genetic material for some viruses
42
mRNA
43
lysosome
44
autocrine signaling
45
paracrine signlaing
46
endocrine signaling
47
juxtacrine signaling
48
low PH
high concentration H+ ions (acidic)
49
high PH
low concentration of H+ ions (basic)
50
primary structure of protein folding
51
secondary structure protein folding
52
tertiary structure protein folding
53
quaternary structure protein folding
54
SD
square root [E(x1-xbar) / n-1 ]
55
SEM
square root of s over n
56
photosynthesis
57
cellular respiration
58
fermentation
59
lactic acid reaction
60
alcohol fermentation reaction
61
citric acid cycle
62
Calvin cycle
63
signal transduction
64
phosphorylation
65
negative control
66
positive control
67
solute potential equation
Ys = -iCRT i = ionization constant NaCl=2 MgCl2= 3 glucose/sucrose = 1 C = molarity R = constant 0.83 liter bars/mol K T = Température in K (C + 273)
68
water potential equation
YH2O = Ypressure + Ysolute. pressure = 0 in an open beaker
69
substrate
70
active site
71
allosteric site
72
allosteric inhibition
73
cytokinesis
74
ETC
75
glycolysis
76
photosystem II
77
photosystem I
78
thylakoid membrane
79
granum
80
stroma
81
chloroplasts
82
kinase
83
CDKs
84
ATP Synthase
85
Adenylyl cyclase
86
primary messenger
87
secondary messenger
88
G-Protein pathway
89
greening pathway
90
R groups
91
carboxyl groups
92
feedback
93
glycogen
94
apoptosis
95
cell cycle regulation
96
enzymes
97
coenzymes
98
catalytic cycle of an enzyme
99
eukaryotes
100
prokaryotes
101
compartmentalization
102
endosymbiotic theory
103
endomembrane system
104
phospholipids
105
steroids
106
cholesterol
107
selective permeability
108
simple diffusion
109
facilitated diffusion
110
active transport
111
carriers/ channels
112
passive transport
113
sodium potassium pump
114
vesicular transport
115
autosomal dominance
a pattern of genetic inheritance where an individual only needs to inherit one copy of a mutated (abnormal) gene from a parent in order to develop a trait or disorder
116
phenotypic plasticity
the ability of individuals to express different phenotypes depending on environmental stimuli despite having the same genes
117
autosomal recessive
pattern of inheritance where a genetic trait or disease appears only when an individual inherits two copies of a mutates gene- one from each parent.
118
gene
unit of hereditary coding for a trait
119
allele
specific variation of a gene
120
dominant allele
always shows up in phenotype if inherited
121
recessive allele
only shows up with dominant allele NOT inherited
122
Law of Segregation
paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that the offspring have an equal chance of receiving either factor (gene) (alleles are segregated into different gametes during meiosis)
123
Law of Independent Assortment
genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur. (genes are not linked)
124
and = multiply or = add
125
karyotype
and appearance of chromosomes, including length, bonding pattern, and centromere point
126
autosome
body cells (use for autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive pedigree testing)
127
mitochondrial inheritance
one parent (often mother) will have it, and ALL kids will have it (inherited through mitochondria (mom's, in this case))
128
Central Dogma
normal flow of info from the DNA to mRNA to protein
129
transcription
genes are used to make mRNA
130
translation
requires tRNA and rRNA
131
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
132
RNA codon
consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify an amino acid or the release of a newly formed polypeptide chain
133
protein sequences
consists of 20 commonly occurring amino acids
134
amino acids
each one is defined by a 3 nucleotide sequence (triplet codon)
135
colinear
nucleotide 1-3 correspond to amino acid 1, nucleotides 4-6 correspond to amino acid 2, etc.
136
amino acid code (degenerate code)
a given amino acid would be encoded by >1 nucleotide triplet
137
codons
3-nucleotide sequences that specify amino acids
138
APUSH 24-25
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