AP Exam Study Guide Flashcards by Tenzin Sherpa

Time periods in order

1491-1607
1607-1754
1754-1800
1800-1848
1844-1877
1865-1898
1890-1945
1945-1980
1980-present

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Time periods in order (headings)

Native Americans & Early European Arrivals
British Colonies & Continuing Trade
Revolution & Constitution
Jefferson, Jackson, & Western Expansion
Manifest Destiny & Civil War Cause/Effect
“Gilded Age” & Farms/Cities/Railroads
International Expansion & World Wars
Cold War & Major Social Changes
Conservatism/Reagan & Globalization

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Super important crop from Mexico to US Southwest that supported economic development, settlement, irrigation and complex societies: (1491-1607)

MAize

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What kind of lifestyle did much of the US West live? (1491-1607)

Nomadic/mobile lifestyles

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What kind of lifestyle did the Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and societies along the Atlantic coast live? (1491-1607)

Societies mixed agriculture and hunter-gathering to develop permanent villages

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What kind of lifestyle did people in the Pacific Northwest live? (1491-1607)

Hunting and gathering and FISHING/getting resources from the ocean

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Three main goals for early European explorers: (1491-1607)

God, Gold, Glory

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What are joint-stock companies?

Investors all pool money to limit losses by sharing the risk and this was used for overseas exploration such as JAmestown

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Columbian Exchange:

brought new crops to Europe from Americas and lots of wealth
Europe brought diseases and stuff (smallpox/influenza/measles and probably more)
America gave animals (like horses and cattle)
led to European economics to shift from feudalism to capitalism

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Encomienda system:

spanish colonial authorities marshaled Native American labor for plantation-based agriculture, often sugarcane and silver mining

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They also took Africans to the Americas to slave labor

Know

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Caste System: (1491-1607)

A hierarchy that goes: Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain), Criollos (Pureblood spaniards born in America), Mestizos (Mixed Spanish/Indigenous), Mulattoes (Mixed Spanish/African)
It replaced the encomienda system as a lighter form of labor exploitation

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What did French and Dutch people do in America? (1607-1754)

Trade fur and have marriage and alliances with indigenous people
did not interact much with other European

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What form of government did early colonies in America have and why? (1607-1754)

They were democratic because of distance from Britain. Know stuff like New England town hall meetings that would elect members to their colonial legislatures and in southern areas wealthy plantation owners had lots of power in government

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New England:

initially settled by Puritans, had small towns and family farms mixing agriculture and commerce
Boston

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“Middle Colonies”

export economy based on cereal crops and had a wide range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity
New York

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Chesapeake and North Carolina

grew and exported tobacco, initially by employing primarily white, male indentured servants and then later by enslaved African people
Virginia

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Southern Atlantic Colonies & British West Indies

developed plantation economies growing items for export. Enslved African people often made up the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own cultural and religious elements and practices

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Did British government want to structure its American colonies into an organized hierarchical system? (1607-1754)

Yea

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What stopped Britain from completely organizing American colonies based on their ideas?(1607-1754)

Conflicts with the colonists and the distance

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Did Europeans trade frequently with the Native American groups? (1607-1754)

Yea

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Metacom’s (King Philip’s) War: (1607-1754)

In New England. Was one of the military conflicts over land between British and American Indians.

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Who helped (like not exactly supporting but help ykwim) Native Americans during their battles with the British? (1607-1754)

The other Europeans like French, Dutch, Spanish and even British because they gave them weapons through trade and alliances.

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An example of American Indian resistance against Spanish colonial efforts: (1607-1754)

The Pueblo Revolt which led to the accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

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Did slavery exist in all British colonies? Where was there less slavery? (1607-1754)

Yes. New England.

Where did the largest number of enslaved people from Africa go to? (1607-1754)

The West Indies/Caribbean

Chattel slavery: (1607-1754)

Became very common in many southern colonies leading to new laws that enforced a strict racial system that made African Americans slaves for a long long time

Examples of overt and covert resistance from African/African American people to resist slavery and maintain culture in spite of oppression: (1607-1754)

Fort Mose Gullah Culture

Fort Mose (1607-1754):

First legally sanctioned free Black settlement Spanish gave them the opportunity to stay if they served in the militia and converted to Catholicism

Gullah Culture (1607-1754):

an example of cultural resilience

Great Awakening: (1607-1754)

protestant christian religious revivals.

European Enlightenment Ideas:

Emphasis on reasoning and individual rights, and skepticism toward institutions of authority.

What did the Great Awakening and European Enlightenment ideas have in common:

they both played major roles in the intellectual environment and emergence of pre-revolution American society

America was more Anglicization/liking Britain during this time period (1607-1754)

Know.

Major causes of the Seven Years: War:

British colonies continued to expand westward to interior of America, threatening French-Indian trading networks and Indian autonomy

Results of the Seven Years' War:

Britain gained lots of territory in winning the war. It also tried to keep settlers from moving west, and Native Americans worked to prevent settlers from encroaching on their lands while still engaging in trade.

Why did Britain tax the colonies? (1754-1800)

Cuz the Seven Years' War was expensive and they wanted tighter control over the colonies. Colonist were angry because of it

Examples of reasoning for resistance from colonists: (1754-1800)

rights of individual, rights that British subjects should have, local traditions of self rule (remember the town meetings in New England), and Enlightenment ideas

Name the act that was a key tax that led to significant protest against British rule: (1754-1800)

The Stamp Act of 1765

Patriot movement: (1754-1800)

Movement for US independence from Britain. Everyone played a key role in this movement.

Which two documents advocated the idea of individual rights?

Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence

remember that American ideas in this time emphasized liberty and belief in a REPUBLICAN form of government (1754-1800)

Know

Key general in the Revolutionary War (1754-1800)

George Washington

Loyalist vs Patriot

Loyalist is pro-british Patriot is anti-British/independence plz

Did other European countries help the colonists in the Revolutionary war? (1754-1800)

yes

Were there people who did not support slavery during and after the American Revolution? (1754-1800)

Yea

Year of the first transcontinental railroads? (1865-1898)

1869

In the time period of (1865-1898) was the discovery of mineral resources important? Why?

Yes because it promoted economic rowth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.

Improvements of ______________ helped agricultural production increase substantially and contirbuted to decline in food prices. (1865-1898)

Mechanization

Why did Farmers make local and regional cooperative organizations? (1865-1898)

To respond to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the volving railroad system.

In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and indepdenence, migrants moved to __________ of the West for opportunities such as building railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. (1865-1898)

Rral and boomtown areas.

As migrant populations increased in number the American Bison population (decreased/increased) (1865-1898)

Decreased, like decimated.

In the West why were conflicts common????? (1865-1898)

Competition for land and resources in the West amogn white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans. US government violated treates with American Indians and used military force to respond to resistanc.

Due to the conflicts with American Indians and US Forces were the American Indians confined to reservations and denied tribal soveirgnty? (1865-1898)

Yes

Name an American Indian who worked to preserve their cultures and tribal indetities, despite government policies promoting assimilation and they attempted to develop self-sustaining eocnomic practices? (1865-1898)

Sitting Bull

The industrilization of some segments of the Southern Economy, which was prmooted by Southern leaders called it the _______ (1865-1898)

The "New South"

Despite of the "New South" taking place was sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity there? (1865-1898)

yES

What court case and set of laws mark the end of most of the poltiical gains African Americans made during the Reconstruction in the South? (1865-1898)

Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws

Oversimplified version of Economics of the "Gilded Age" (1865-1898)

Large-scale industrial production and greater access to natural resources. A lot of money and produce of goods were made. As well as technology like expanded international communication networks and pro-growth government policies.

Businesses made use of redesigned financnial and management structures, advances, in marketing, and a growing labor force to grow their production and market shares. (Just know this) (1865-1898)

Just know this

Did the US business also look outside US borders to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources? Where if yes? (1865-1898)

Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America

Were US businesses supported by government policymakers in looking outside US borders for greater control and influence in markets? (1865-1898)

Yes

Many business leaders sought to increase profits by consolidating coprotations into _________. What was the result of this? (1865-1898)

Large trusts and holding companies, this furthered wealth.

Give me famous business leaders who consolidated their corporations into large trusts and holding companies? Did they recieve negative views from the public for market power? (1865-1898)

Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Rail Baron Jay Gould. They did get flamed for it.

Price of many goods (increased/decreased) = workers' real wages (increased/decreased). What is the result of said increase or decrease. (1865-1898)

Price of many goods decreased and wages increased, providing new access to a varierty of goods and services. Many Americans' standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew.

Did labor and managment battle over wages and workign conditions? What orgasnizations did they use to confront business leaders?

Yse and organized local and national unions.

Did Child Labor increase? As well as the industrial workforce expand and become more diverse? (1865-1898)

Yes and Yes, internaitonal migration made it more diverse.

What type of people championed alternative visions for the US economy and society.

Number of artists, critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Socila Gospel.

Did women sought greater equality with men? How do they try to do so? (1865-1898)

Yes, Joining voluntary organizations, going to college and promoting social and poltiical reform.

Name the two women's colleges (1865-1898)

As cities became areas of encomic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted international immigrants from: (1865-1898)

Asia and Southern/Eastenr Eurpoe, as well as African American internal migrats within and out of the South.

Why did migrants move? (1865-1898)

Escape pvoerty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions.

Name 2 Neighborhoods on two different cities that are based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes that provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers.

Chinatown in San Francisco and Little Italy in New York

In an urban atmosphere where access to power was unequally distirbuted, political machines like _______ thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. (1865-1898)

Boss Tweede's Tammany Hall

Know the assimilation stuff cuh its about American Indians and its issues and sending their children to boarding schools to Americanize them. Americanization actually accompanied to the growth of international migration

Did Many immigrants negotiate compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the US?? (1865-1898)

Yes

Jane Addams (1865-1898)

Worked in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to US language and customs.

Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify what??? (1865-1898)

The success of those at the top of the socieconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable. This was accompanied by a lto of racism and stereotypes.

Republican Motherhood: (1754-1800)

called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

enacted after settlers moved westward and promoted public education, protection of private property, and a ban on slavery all in the Northwest territory (Like Illinois, Indiana and Ohio)

First form of constitution for the US (1754-1800)

Articles of Confederation

What did the articles of Confederation do? (1754-1800)

Unified the newly-independent states and creating central government with limited power

Example of rebellion where they were unhappy with the weak central government in the early years of the newly-independent America: (1754-1800)

Shays' Rebellion

What did many new state constitutions do as America began? (1754-1800)

Placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship

Who opposed the US constitution?

Anti-federalists

Who supported the US constitution? Led by who? (1754-1800)

Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison's writing of the Federalist Papers (papers that supported the US constitution)

What did the Federalist papers do to ensure the US Constitution's ratification?

Promising the addition of the Bill of Rights that listed specific individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.

When was the international slave trade stopped?

1808

Know that there was a compromise over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade

Know.

Federalism (how the power is divided between national and state governments)

power is shared between national and state governments, creating a "shared sovereignty) national government has a few powers that state governments do not like declaring war

Separation of Powers:

Executive (enforce laws) Legislative (write laws) Judicial (interprets laws)

What did George Washington's Farewell Address state? (1754-1800)

encouraged national unity and warned against too much emphasis on political factions and permanent foreign alliances

Which two parties emerged as leading political parties in the 1790s and led by who?

Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton Democratic-Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

What were the three key issues debated in early 1800s?

Powers (how much?) of federal government, tariffs, and relations with European countries

AP Exam Study Guide Flashcards

(95 cards)