AP Respiratory Flashcards

Question

What happens as blood goes through the heart?

Answer 1

Blood enters the heart via inferior and superior vena cava. Goes through right atrium, down to the right ventricle before being pumped into the pulmonary artery into the lungs. In the lungs it reoxygenates before being brought back into the left atrium via the 4 pulmonary veins. It then goes into the left ventricle before being pumped around the rest of the heart via the aorta.

Answer 2

The Aorta goes all across the body - it is the main artery of the body.

Answer 3

2x pulmonary artery 1 to each lung Carries de-oxygenated blood to the lungs Returns via 2x pulmonary veins from each lung (4 in total) to left atrium

Answer 4

Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity, Pharynx (split into Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx) and the Larynx.

Answer 5

It's made of made of bone and hyaline cartilage

Answer 6

It's the anterior portion of the nasal cavity, just inside the nostril

Answer 7

It's bony shelves which create groove like passageways known as the Meatuses - Superior, Middle and Interior, they cause airflow to become turbulent

Answer 8

It's the cranial nerve I, the Olfactory nerve has receptor located in the nasal cavity, they detect chemicals that have dissolved in the mucous lining.

Answer 9

It's found posterior to the nasal cavity and extending down as far as the cricoid cartilage of the larynx 12-14cm long. Lies immediately in front of the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 10

Connects the pharynx and the trachea Consists of multiple cartilages, most known one being the ‘Adam’s Apple’ (Thyroid cartilage) which is larger in males. An extra enlargement of this thyroid gland can put extra pressure on the airways from laryngitis The larynx moves up during swallowing meeting the free side of the spigolttis, closing off the airway to prevent food from entering the airway Lies in the region of the 3rd to 6th Cervical Vertebar Made up of 9 cartilages 3 Single Epiglottis Cartilages (leaf shaped) Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage 3 Pairs of cartilage The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds, the inferior folds form the vocal cords and are controlled by muscles

Answer 11

Nasopharynx: behind the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate (roof of the mouth). Two openings of the auditory tube. On the posterior walls are located Pharyngeal Tonsils (adenoids) Oropharynx: extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone. It also houses the palatine tonsils. Laryngopharynx: starts of the level of the hyoid bone and is a common pathway leading to the oesophagus and the larynx

Answer 12

A group of 4 paired air-filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity. These provide speech resonance, lighten the skill and humify inspired air.

Answer 13

Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Bronchi and Bronchioles, Alveoli

Answer 14

They are canals connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx. It helps equalise the pressure by opening during swallowing and yawning.

Answer 15

2 lungs, each lying in the thoracic cavity Each lung is divided into lobes, the right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes to make room for the heart-cardiac notch. The lungs are spongy and highly elastic in normal health, made from alveoli and tissue Top of the lung is called the apex and lies 1” above the clavicle. The lotto of the lung is known as the base

Answer 16

Double layer of serous membrane covers the lungs and the inside of the chest wall The layer that covers the lungs is called the visceral layer and the layer covering the inside of the chest wall is the parietal layer A potential space between the 2 layers is filled with serous fluid which prevents friction. This fluid also assists in the expansion of the chest wall during inspiration

Answer 17

Have one on each lung and is a entry point for: Blood vessels - pulmonary arteries and veins The Bronchi x2 Lymph Vessels Nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic) Found at the level of T5 to T7 (thoracic)

Answer 18

There are approximately 150 million alveoli per lung (adult) Process of gaseous exchange occurs within these structures Alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries The alveolar wall and the capillary walls are 1 cell thick.

Answer 19

Main muscle of breathing is the diaphragm Dome shaped muscular structure Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 20

The external intercostal muscles are the other main muscles involved in normal quiet breathing. There are 11 pairs of intercostal muscles that occupy the spaces between 12 pairs of ribs Arranged in 2 layers - internal and external

Answer 21

Gas exchange - oxygen is imported and transported to the cells via the cardiovascular system. The waste product CO2 is expired from the body. Assists with the regulation of blood acidity levels Removes small amounts of heat and water Filters inspired air, produces sounds and houses the receptors which provide our sense of smell

Answer 22

Pulmonary ventilation is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs Air is typically drawn in through the nose. The air is warmed, moistened and filtered here. The nasal conchae create turbulent airflow as it enters the cavity which keeps the inspired air in the cavity for longer, assisting with the warming and filtering Any foreign particles in the air stick to the mucous lining, the ciliated epithelial cells then waft the mucous and foreign particles to the throat, where it is either swallowed or coughed up. The sticky mucous also helps to moisten the air. Warming of the air is done by the rich network of blood vessels just below the surface of the epithelium Mouth breathing loses this part of the warming, filtration and moistening, but it does allow you to take in a greater volume of air, which is useful when doing exercise or as part of the flight or fight response.

Answer 23

- Air then moves into the pharynx The pharynx is a shared passageway for air and food - During swallowing, the nasal cavity is closed off by upward movement of the soft palate and the uvula. - The oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are lined with stratified squamous epithelium which protects them from abrasion and friction of swallowed food. - This continues into the oesophagus. - Smooth muscle helps keep the pharynx open - During sleep or sedation, the tone of these muscles can be reduced which contributes to snoring - Warming and humidifying of air continues in the pharynx - Lymphatic tissue of the pharyngeal and laryngeal tonsils offers some protection against pathogens by producing antibodies in response to antigens

Answer 24

Moves upwards during swallowing closing off the entrance to it with the pharynx by meeting the underside of the epigolottis, this prevents food from entering the airways. Humidifying filtering and warming continues to happen in the larynx Houses the vocal cords which produce sound/speech when they vibrate. THe pitch and tone are influenced by the length and tightness of the vocal chords.

Answer 25

Sometimes known as the windpipe Has 16-20 incomplete rings of cartilage (c-shaped) to prevent it from collapsing The open part of the ‘C’ lies posteriorly and allows the oesophagus to expand during swallowing Smoot muscle fibre It is also lined with ciliated cells and goblet cells which continue that protection of mucous and wafting ability to bring foreign particles back up towards the larynx The trachea bifurcates at about the level of T5 into the left and right bronchi At the bifurcation, a small ridge of cartilage known as the Carina, is present. This is highly sensitive to dust and foreign objects and is the centre for the cough reflex.

Answer 26

The right bronchus is shorter and more vertical than the left, relative to the hilum. THis results in a higher incidence of foreign bodies becoming lodged in the right bronchus. The bronchi enter the rings at the hilum

Answer 27

Surfactant is made of phospholipids and proteins and it reduces surface tension preventing the alveoli collapsing during expiration. Secretion of surfactant occurs approximately at the 35th week of foetal life. Babies born premature may lack adequate levels of surfactant causing serious breathing problems.

Answer 28

Internal respiration works pretty much the same way but the diffusion between the blood and body cells.

Answer 29

Gaseous exchange takes place between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries It relies on diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane. The alveoli and the capillary walls and just one cell thick

Answer 30

Elasticity - ability of the lung tissue to return to its original size after being stretched Loss of elasticity = forced expiration and increased effort on inspiration Airway resistance - how constructed the airways are, especially the bronchi and bronchioles, will affect how easily air travel through the airway. Compliance - stretchability of the lungs i.e. effort to inflate the alveoli High Compliancy - means that the lungs and thoracic wall expand easily Low compliancy - means that the lungs and thoracic wall are resistant to expanding Healthy lung = very compliant, little effort required

Answer 31

Air moves into and out of the lungs because ventilation changes the pressure inside the alveoli. As you take a deep breath in your will notice your thoracic cavity increases in size. This negative pressure created in the thoracic cavity also assist venous return, known as the respiratory pump The flattening of the diaphragm is responsible for about 75% of air entering the lungs, the remainder is Expiration is usually a passive process Relation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in downward and inward movement of the ribcage and upwards movement of the diaphragm back to its relaxed dome shape and also elastic recoil of the lung tissue

Answer 32

Each gas will exert its own pressure as a percentage to the total pressure being provided, this is known as the partial pressure. For oxygen this is written at PO2 and for carbon dioxide its written as PCO2. During external respiration the pressure of PO2 will be higher in the alveoli than in the blood, therefore O2 will pass across the semi permeable membranes of the alveoli into the bloodstream moving down the concentration gradient.

Answer 33

The majority of oxygen is carried in the blood combined with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. 98.5% is carried this way, the remainder is dissolved in the plasma. Oxyhaemoglobin is unstable For example: Active muscle tissue during sport will be using a lot of oxygen and producing a lot of carbon dioxide (high metabolism). Due to CO2 being acidic, the pH will be low. A by-product

Answer 34

Normal pH levels are 7.35-7.45 The concentration of hydrogen ions dictates the pH Buffers resist drastic changes in pH Carbonic acid H2CO3 is a weak acid (an acid is anything that can donate a hydrogen ion) These weak acids and bases exist in pair that are in balance under normal pH conditions. The pH buffer systems work chemically to minimise changes in the pH of a solution by adjusting the proportion of acid and base. CO2 + H20 <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3 The bicarbonate buffer system work very quickly at changing the pH by changing the breathing rate. CO2 is a waste product of metabolism, if we have too much CO2 in the blood, the pH lowers and becomes more acidic, your respiratory rate will increase to expel more CO2. If we have too little CO2 in the blood, then the pH will become more alkaline, so your respiratory rate will decrease to retain CO2 and increase the pH.

Answer 35

7% of carbon dioxide in the blood is directly dissolved in the plasma 23% is combined with the globin portion of haemoglobin creating The method of transport is a result of the following reaction, which goes either way according to conditions: CO2 + H20 <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3

Answer 36

Increase CO2 causes increased hydrogen ion concentration Decrease CO2 causes decreased hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 37

Found centrally in the medulla and in the peripheries within the carotid and aortic bodies. The chemoreceptors are responsible for sending impulses to the brain so corrective action can be taken following changes to the partial pressure of CO2 and O2. Increase in PCO2 and decreases in PO2 levels within the blood will bring about stimulation of the respiratory centre and the apneustic areas to bring about hyperventilation

Answer 38

Found in medulla comprised of neurons sensitive to change in pH (Hydrogen Ions) If CO2 get high, above partial pressure of 40 breathing increases If O2 get high, breathing decreases

Answer 39

The cerebral cortex connects to the respiratory centre and allows voluntary alteration of breathing patterns. Eg. the ability to stop breathing until CO2 builds up in blood. Impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system stimulates the respiratory centre and permits emotional stimuli to alter breathing which includes crying, laughing and sobbing. The control of respiration is normally involuntary, it is carried out without subconscious thought in the Medullary Rhythmicity centre. Voluntary control is exerted during activities such as speaking and singing, however if the body identifies an increase in the level of CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia) or a decrease in the level of O2 (hypoxia) then the specific components of the brain will kick in to combat the change.

Answer 40

The respiratory centre is located within the Medulla Oblongata, which lies in the brain stem The respiratory centre in the medulla sets the basic timing of inspiration and expiration Motor impulses leave the respiratory centre via the Phrenic nerves (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves (intercostal muscles)

Answer 41

When changes to the timings of inspiration and expiration are required the apneustuc and pneumotaxic area within he Pons (also found in brain stem) are activated. The apneustic areas will become stimulated when levels of PCO2 increase or PO2 level decrease

Answer 42

Anatomical Dead Air Space - the residual colume which remains in the air passages but isnt involved in alveolar exchange = 150mls Tidal Volume - the amount of air which passes into and out of the lung during quiet breathing = 500mls Inspiratory reserve volume - the extra amount of air that can be inhaled into the lungs during maximal inspiration = 3100mls Inspiratory Capacity - the maximum amount of air that can be inspired, this is Tidal Volume + inspiratory volume = 3600mls Functional Residual Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume - the largest amount of air that can be expired during maxil expiration = 1200mls Residual Volume - amount of air left in the lungs following forced expiration = 1200mls Vital Capacity – Maximum volume of air which can be moved into and out of the lungs = 4800mls

Answer 43

Henry’s Law - “the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and it’s solubility coefficient” In respiration - the amount of oxygen that Charles Law: the volume of a specific mass of a gas increases as the temperature increases if the pressure remains constant. It aid pulmonary ventilation because air expands as it warms following having been drawn in - like a hot air balloon Boyle's Law - the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume to the container - as a container gets small the pressure increases Bohr Effect - increasing PCO2 and H+ increases Oxyhaemoglobin saturation A decrease in blood PH from 74. To 7.3 reduces oxygen saturation by 6% The Haldane Effect - decreasing PCO2 and H+ increases oxyhaemoglobin saturation.

AP Respiratory Flashcards

(67 cards)