1
Q
what r the ancient ealry river civilizations
A
Indus River valley : located in modern day Pakistan, however to disapered due to climate and warfare resons
Ancien Eqypt : located along the Nile river, was the longest continous civilization
Mesopotamins : located in the middle east is the ealist civilization. located between tigris and Euphrates river
2
Q
Ancient cilizaiton greece and persia
A
persia was great empire that unified lands however greece took over by wining key wars.
3
Q
Ancient cilizaiton The republic of rome
A
had a very good military whihc led to rapid expansion of land. however it made it an empire not a republic. it was of greatest strenght and influence under Ceasar Augustus. such as high life expectency, high technology, and agr advancements. However Rome failed due to accepting too mnay groups of people into ht eempire. this was a probelm because it requries more resources, more expensive to manage, high risk of coruption, and conflits occring between reigious, langue, cultural, and political groups. the part of the empire that survided is the eat and is called the Byzantine empire.
4
Q
centralized vs decentralized
A
centralized : a system when one group gives instructions to other groups, most sussesful
decentralized : local leaders manage a certain group.
5
Q
results of Trades routes
A
dispersed technology, ideas between cultures. Also spread religious belifs and diseases
6
Q
where did Islam spread
A
Islam began in the middle Esat spread to norhtern Africa, Spain, Indian, China, and Southeast Aisa. BY trae routes.
7
Q
Song China background
A
longest running consistent culture and society. most stable. rivers allowed it to folurish as it allowed for trade and fresh water. Created Neo-Confucianism - ALos was the first time a cilvilzation economy produced goods other than places besides itself.
created lots of technologies like grand cananal and alos established the Service exam, and a tribute systme known as kowtowing
8
Q
Service Exam
A
promoted people based on merit b=not status. People were allowed to advance in society based on ther grade on hte test . was tested over confucian texts.
9
Q
Kowtowing
A
since China is very complex compared to its neighbors they required leders of forighen lands to get on their knees and give gifts to them. these gifts were rlly bribes given by the nomads to China to keep the military aways.
10
Q
Europe
A
afte the fall of rome eurpe fell inot he Dark Ages and is at the bottom of the power pole. They were raided by many differnt groups. And they used a new political system, kown as feudalism.
the church divest too Eastern Orthodox was in the Byzantine empre and the Catholic church in the West, this church wanted to take power so did crusandes. some more pilitcal than religious.
11
Q
Feudalism
A
kings would give lands to lords to amnage in exchange fro military serviece. lord would haave knighes to protect land and pesenats wokred th lands. some beocmes serfs.
12
Q
judaism
A
1st major monothestic religion
13
Q
confucianism
A
has emphsis on social hiarchies, is in China, has filial piety : which is having repect for elders.
14
Q
Buddism
A
orginated India, however China Buddhist popuation, religion came through trade route to China from missionares. So there is alot of sycrtismand different versions.
15
Q
Islam
A
begun in the 7th century, belif in one god does ritual prayer, does almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca
16
Q
song Dynasty basics
A
had an advanced infrasturcture, Urban city, High population
17
Q
Song Dynasty historical developments
A
used methods of Confuciasnim, had an impeiral bureaucracy, became more commericalized. The economy increased due to productive capacity, high trade, innovations in agr and manufactering.
18
Q
Prophet Muhammad Ibn Abdullah
A
Born in Mecca as a successful merchant trader. Had religious experiences that convinced he was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs.
19
Q
commercializtion
A
operating for finicail gain as opposed to subsitence.
20
Q
Qur’an (related to the faith)
A
Scared recording of the Islam Faith and seen as the direct words of god.
21
Q
Technological innovations that imporved the Song Dynasty
A
Chanmpa Rice - a fast grwoing drough resisting rice. from Vietnam. allowed for more food –> more kids –> and more $$$
Grand Canal
Steel and Iron production
And exporting textiles and porcelains for Export.
22
Q
Qur’an (why important to area)
A
Centrality of the Qur’an, Arbanic literacy became important for Muslims of sub-saharan west Africa to Southeast Asia.
23
Q
Sunni
A
75-90% Caliphs were rightful relioogns and political leaders selected by community. Supported Umayyads (Muhammads close advisor friend guy).
24
Q
Shi’a
A
10-20% Leadership has to be a dependent from Muhammad’s ancestors. Also supported Ali (Muhammad’s cousin)
25
The beginning of the Song Dynasty
begain in 960 replaced the Tang Dynasty, but pastrol raiders kept attacking the new emprire. Was the first start of the economic revolution.
26
Pre-islamic Araban World
1. Arabian peninsula covered in unlivable dessert.
2. Populated by nomadic cultures using camel and goat herding.
3. Cities devolped among coast of the Red Sea.
4. Prone to war, feuding and violences as tribes competed for resources.
27
thrid wave civilization China
refers to the perid from 6th to 8th century when china influeneces Afro-Eurisa through innovations and sultural diffusion. Right now is the top of the power pole vry advanced and sophisicated.
28
Caliphate
An islamic form of government or state ruled by a caliph, who is considered a successor to prophet Muhammad and the leader of the Muslim community.
29
Abbasid Caliphate
3rd Islamic calipahte to succed Muhammaed. Capital was Baghdad and was center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention in what became knows as the golden age of Islam.
30
Fall of Abbasid Caliphate
Baghdad was captured and the Abbasid rein was defied by the Seljuk Turks in 1055. Later the capital was stacked again by the MONGOLS (the baddies) in 1258
31
*Mandate of Heaven
Ruler or king is chosen by god. So if bad things happen to the ppl r kingdom like famine or flood or war god is mad at the ruler so the citizens overthrow the king to find a new ruler. citizens have the right to rebel.
used to lgitimize the rule of the king
32
effects of the Grand Canal
linked northern and southern China, increased economic prospertiy, suppoerted interanl trade
33
Result of Abbasid fragmentation
New islamic political entities emerged, most of which dominated by the Turks (western and central asian Islams). New political entities 1. Seljul Empire 2. Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt 3. Delhi Sultanates
34
Islam expansion
Muslim rules expanded to many arts of Afro-Eurasia due to military conquest, merchants and missionaries (sufis).
35
Why were the Islam Empires spread so easily???
Tolerant tot outsdie belifs, ppl conquered already shared monotheistic religion practices like prayer, fasting and pilgrimage.
BIG ONE Muslims tolerant of Christian and Jewish faiths. (Dhimmi)
36
neo confucianism
Confucian principlas incorparting Buddist and Taoism aspects
37
*Dhimmi
Poepe of the book, Christian , Jewish, and Islam. But as islam spread also applied to Zoroastrians(Persia) and Hindus(India).
38
Confucian main rule
higher class ppl treats lower class people with kindness and the lower class obeys the superior.
39
*Jizya
Tax levied on non-believes for non-muslims to practice their religion freely. Why some ppl converted to Islam cause they broke.
40
Trade valued - Islam
Trade and merchants were valued positively within Islam teachings becuase Muhammad was a merchant himself.
41
The gov in China
had an imperial bureacy which means that an appointed gov carries out the policies of the emprire, allows for continunity.
42
meritocracy
was in Song China. a political system where the ppl in power are based on ability and talent rather than social class. This is beacue of the Civil Service exam. allowed for China to have some upward mobility.
43
Islam Merchants
islamic merchants ebcuasme pominent players in all major Afro_eursasin trade routes.
1. In the mediterana sea
2. along the silk roads
3. across sahara
3. throughout Indian Ocean basin
44
the end of the Song China
the emprire was too big and it become to hard to manage. so the rulers ended up being corrupt
45
Economic Developments of Song Dynasty
had the 1st industilization, created chaepaer trasport,
China made extra goods to sell known proto-industrilization
46
Why did the Muslim faith spread so easy
religious appeal, promise of material gain, end of tribal warfare = better life, military actions and marriage alliances between tribes.
47
How is Political and Religious law in Islam different
SIKEEE trick question they aren't loser. Think bout Sharia Lawe
48
Christan political and religious structure
since they were persecuted by the romans they selected into two authors, the political state government and the religious.
49
*Sharia Law - Islam
regulated ever aspect of life for Islams. legitimize religious rulers and lawss
50
Important Chinese inventions
- made paper
- steel products : steel plow
- the moveable type
- Gun powerder : acctually from mongols but Chinese used for warfare purposes
51
Iberian Peninsula
Islam sprasd form North Africa to Spain in 700s. Muslims, christan and jews lived inharmony here the best. Fines arts and science flourished. Medicine astronomy, architesute, literature.
52
Reconquista - Spain
the reconquest of muslim plain by the christian monarchs. 1492 think "ista" sounds Spanish so Spain duh.
53
Islam in West Africa
Trader Brough Islam to Mali, Ghana, and Songhai. Islam provide source of literacy and helped whit administration and bureaucracy. ISLAM DID NOT SPREAD TO RUAL AREAS AS THEY CLUNG TO ANCHIENT TRIBAL RELIGIONS.
54
islam in india
not absorbed by hinduism as Islam was mono and hindu is poly. howler Sufi missionaries syncopated the reglious and accomiined local gods devolving popular islam. These Sufi were condense for breaking Sharia to some muslims.
55
running girl
Eurpe although at the btoom of the powerpole become the most advanced because of innovations from Dar-al Islam and China.
56
Social structure in China
empoere, scholoary gentry gov officials, Farmers, Crafts ppl merchants
merchants at the bottom becuase tey did not create anything thye just simply exvhanged goods. so they were inferior.
57
Islamic society and scholarship
House of Wisdom in Baghdad
1. Science, media, and philosophy texts were translated later into Arabic
2. Increase connectivity as ppl from all over came for ideas
These gave a big boost to islamic for centuries.
58
Golden Age of Islam
Mass translation movement from lshcoloary work from greek to Arabic.
Goal was to translate as many texts as possible and wanted a comprehensive library of knowledge.
59
House of Wisdom
Academic center for research and translations. argued reason not revelation was the way to the truth. this way of thinking clashed with religious conservatism.
60
Innovations in Dar al-Islam
Indian numerical notation, algebra. Tradtions in medicine and pharmacology. Phyicians for diseases.
61
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Founder of oberseatory in Persia, mapped motion of stars and planets.
62
Women in Islam
Quarn viewed m=women as inferior and subordinate
63
Great wall of China and nomads
nomads could not practive agr so they contraly raised china so that is why the great wall was put inot place
64
korea vs vietnam vs Japan with Chinese Influence
korea : has political independance however took China administrative techniques.
Vietnam : reblled against Chinse rule though ti was a bad ting. Woman have more rights here
Japan : was ablt to easly resit Chinise influence, becuase there was no land border. however they volenterrily adopted chnses culture.
65
Silk Road water equivalent
Indian ocean trade from china to eastern africa an traded goods for a mass market
66
Mayans basics
did not survive as an empire past 1200.
- was the first empire to creaaty a writing system : hieroglyphics
- also pacticed human sacrifice
67
Srivijaya Empire
Sea b based kingdom. built navy and charged races for passing ships between India and china. primary buddhist and religious center os region that dominated for centuries
68
Khmer Kingdom
modern day Cambodia, Indian influences. Hindu god focus. Socials ystesm was NOT subject to caste system but rather on indigenous traditions. Peaked in 1219.
69
Mexica/ Aztec basics
- Was BIGGGG on human sacrifice
-advanced interms of art/ infrastructure
- came after the manyans.
- semi nomadic
- joined with toher alliences to military conquest.
- paper was viwed as sacred
- women were not equal to men but had parrell structures.
70
Sufi missionaries
biggest impact on the frontier of region of islam. followed arms and spread the teachings of islam. emphasized personal experiences of the dive rather than the law - very controversial as sharian law was import to islamic scholars (ulama).
71
Tenochtitlan
the Aztec capital. was an artifucal island with floating garden. sicne its surrounded by water its harder to attack.established on Lake Texcoco. allowed it to be highly productive in agr
72
Mexica gov
- loosley structured and unstbale had no gov officials, had frequent rebellons with the areas that it conqured.
73
Aztex and human sacrifice
slaves were usally sacrificed. this ritual was needed to keep the sun god from rising ppl thougght without the blood the sun would not rise. however sacrificing neighbors created warfae so they did slaves to minimize this
74
Chinamps
an area with fertaile ground used for agrculture. made by the aztec
75
Majapahit Empire
replaced srivijaya empire as they took control of sea routes after they weakened them. hindu kingdom with strong buddhist influences.
76
Bascis of the Inca emprire
created in the Andes Mountain
- well knwon for their terrave farming tecniues.
- Quipu : a method of record keeping using string and knots :)
- woman had some rights women do woemn things and men do thiers.
77
Carpa Nan
the massive Inca road systme that was built using slaves. ued to trade, transportation, inspections, and travel.
78
gov of the Inca
- had bureautcratic emprire
- emperor on top
the state owned all the land and resources.
- was a strict gov.
79
Bantu iron metallurgy
separating metals from their ores and purifying and working got metal into usable forms, had to understand the alloys
80
Bantu Politcal Structure
decentralized government., communities kin-based where families formed independently governed groups with a. male check heading a networks of families. this became hard as pop. grew.
81
Swahili City States
people of the coast, cities independent from each other and usually governed by a. single ruler. trades great expanded and used.
82
Swahili City State religious
islam came to the coast and syncrotised with traditional African traditions. later muslim traders settled perminatly further mixing the cultural practices
83
Swahili States part in trade
good collected were consumed by the cite but also passed on in the direction of the sea to be trades. they sometimes cater as the middleman for cross African trade.
84
Timbuktu
seasonal camp or storing salt ad other good but grew to become major center for carcan trade. Mansa must made area very rich and became widely known as a place of "endless" wealth and resources.
85
Golden Age of Timbuktu
hundreds of scholars studies and strangers came t share their knowledges and use books. this was a great center of learning. think like the African version of the house of wisdom
86
historical background of latin west / Feudal europe
- This time period in Europe was known as the Dark Ages.
- was politically fragmented, decentralized
- had serfdom
- urbanization declined
- they are just trying to survive, they had little agr/food
- The balck plgue was alos rlly high
87
Zimbabwe
most powerful east African kingdom between 1100-s 1400s. traded goods with coastal city-states to take use of Indian Ocean trade. wealth due to agriculture and trade BUT MOSTLY GOLD. tased transport too
88
Great Zimbabwe's border
first stone structure built in African without mortar and separated high-class and lower class citizens
89
Ethiopia religion
Ethiopia is a christan island in a muslim seas. 1. protected by mountain geography 2. designate from Muslim powers. islam cut Ethiopia off so it devolved culturally independently. fascination with judisim. believed they were defended from king Solomon
90
The good times in Europe - life getting better description
- europe faced a warming period.
- they had more agr, surplus food, and an increase in pop.
- exported raw matrials
- This was known as the high middle ages.
Europe was christian
91
African Literature GRIOTS
literature was oral, griots or storytellers were the historians. Griots believed t have power to sing your success or sing your downfall. death of griot = destruction of library with a loss of knowledge women could also be them
92
Cities devolped by Silk Road
Kashgae ad Samarkand. Cities were resting points for silk roads revelers and were import for access to water for seamless the cities came thriving centers of cultural exchange.
93
Manorialism
A ssytem of economic and political relations between landlords and thier peronal laborers.
serfs : are not slaves but like them, they come with the land. and seve the land until they die. Can only be sold with the land.
94
Silk Road Contribution India
herbal medicine, spices, cotton textiles
95
Silk Road Contribution Middle East
dates, nutes, dried fruit, dyes, swords, lapis
96
Silk Road Contribution Mediterranean Basin
gold coins, glassware, grapevines, jewles, artworks, perfume, olive oil
97
Europen Craft Guilds
a group of tradesman or araftsmen engaged in the same occupation join tgh to protect their busnisness. Ths is to prevent outside competiton and thiefs
98
china and silk production
china held a monopoly on silk fporcution men traded women proceed even real women were apart of it
99
role of silk as social symbol
elite Chinese women and men want it. used as a bribe to stop invaders from attacking. used as currency and means of weathering. byzantines and chines made laws restraint it to make it a more proficient social symbol. ( similar to lucky good brands)
100
import metal industry for china?
iron industry proving jobs and economic success
101
caravanserai - silk roads
roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey. supported flow of commerce, info and people across trade routes.
102
Chinese innovations that facilitated trade
saddles for camels, stirups
103
Greek East / Byzantine emprire basics
- less vunarabl to attakcs due to geographic location.
- the loss of Anatolia created the emprie to decline, and it was never able to recover from that.
- Was Chritian Orthodox
- woman were seen as spiritually eqaul to men in the Church but still had patrically roles in society.
104
Chinese tech
gunpowder, compass
105
Pax Mongolia as to Chinese
created by mogul empire to help tactile technologies and innovation of Chinese
106
silk roads and culture east
buddhism (from India) spread through central and east assai thanks to merchants. Buddhism appeal bc of its universal message no high class like hinduism.
107
silk roads and culture west
Persion Zoroastrianism blocked spread of Buddhism. buddhism changed it spread.
108
Zoroastrianism basics
monotheists, one of oldest religions, baed on Zoroaster's things of a single god named Ahura Mazda. Shaped abrahamic religions and initialed idea of one god. emphasizes never ending battle of good vs. evil
109
mongols bacsics
- facilitated afro-Euraisa trade.
- Known for the transfer of medical knowlege, and the numbering system
- never tried to spread thier faith, only tried to exploit the people they conquer.
110
Theravada Buddhism (def, where, one Dif)
The "Teaching of the Elders," an early branch of Buddhism that spread to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. It emphasizes individual meditation and discipline to achieve enlightenment (nirvana), focusing on becoming an arhat rather than relying on bodhisattvas.
Southeast Asia and one difference is it strives for wisdom first.
111
Fax Mongolica
paece or stability created by the Mongol empire. helped to facilitate trade and technologial ideas faster.
112
Mahayana Buddhism (def, where, one Dif)
A later branch of Buddhism that developed in India and spread to China, Korea, Japan, and Central Asia. It emphasized compassion and the role of bodhisattvas—enlightened beings who delay nirvana to help others—making it more accessible to ordinary people than Theravada.
China and one difference is compassion is the higher virtue.
113
The Back Death ☠️ reaction to Silk Road
After the monolog unified much of Eurasia this intensified interactions between people facilitated the spread of degasses, most notably the Black Death. It spread from china to suppose.
114
Genghis Khan
- united warring tribes, allowed for pece to occur in the mongol emprie
- had many childerna and many decendeants
115
Other diseases on Silk Road + religion
messes and small pox deviated population in both Rome and Han China contributing to their collapses. Dieases may have increased the appeal of Christianity in Europe and Buddhims in China as they offered compassion in times of suffering.
116
money money money in silk roads
vitally people used bare systems where goods are traded from one person to another. the rise of the money economic made trade easier.
117
Mongols and Yuan Dynasty
was the most diffucult for the mongols to capture . When they captured the dynasty the ppl accpeted t cause of the Mandate of Heaven.
118
Effects of Monetary systems
1. ended feudalism in Europe
2. land was now not only easy to hold wealth
3. lead to uprising as demand for currency over food led increased
4. face serfs and low social classed
119
Black Death to Europe
Lead to the end of feudalism as the domain for laborers was high and it gave bartering power to peansests and serfs
120
improved transportation tech led to what...?
increase tree and expansion of geo-graphic range of trade routes
121
Khublai khan
grandson og Genghis kahn, rebulit grand canal. ++ Mongals hted the chininese and made laws discriminating against them.
122
growth of trade encouraged by what innovations..?
compass and astroblade and larer ship design (more goods being traded)
123
diasporic communities examples
Arab and person communities in east africa
Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia,
Mayal communities in the Indian Ocean basin.
124
mongols and russia and persia and japan
conqured russia but the land had little to offer. they would just have to pay tribut the the mogol empire.
persia : more eaiser to take over. MOngols who conqured perisa becaome muslims.
Japan : failed to conquer mongols
125
Zheng He (AI)
Muslim who went on voyages forchinas sake to essentialll show china deovlpment off to world. he won't on 6-7 voyages. his goal was to enroll people into the Chinese tributary systems. many leaders went back to china to perform tribute and kowtow.
126
Monoon Winds affect on trade routes
easier to use allowing them to be longer and more reliable
127
why use the sea?? 🌊
cause it was cheaper to carry more goods. camel = weak ship= strong
128
tech that facilitated trade across Indian ocean
improvements in sail, astroblade, Chinese junks and Indian?Arab dhows. Magnetic needle compass originally made by Chinese.
129
Lateen Sails
Triangular-shaped sail that allowed a boat to better use the wind. Allowed sailors to not just do down wind but you could harness wind from almost any direction.
130
Arab?Indian dhow
made for sailing in the Indian Ocean. not made for long distances.
131
Chinese junk
made wit large, flat bottoms to carry lots of tribute gifts and cargo to china
132
astroblade
used to determine latitude sea using the sun and constellations.
133
historical developems of the Mali empire
- vry rich in raw materials whihc is used to trade and this is how it became a large empire.
134
Camels in Africa
The indroduction of camles helped african economy. Ex- camel caravan > allowed for more trade, this alos helped to spread Isalm
135
Srivijaya Buddhist why?
Attracted to Indian beliefs that leaders were god-kings. political ideas and buddhist concepts combines to provide a "higher level of magic" for rulers. a major buddhist center.
136
Syncretism in Swahili City States
adopted arabuc words and phrases, Arab and Indian merchants met and settled on cart, blending families. many ruling families were claimed Arab or person turk origin. Rapidly became islamic.
137
Islamic Swahili city-state example of ..... community?
Disporics because of Indian Ocean trade.
138
Great Zimbabwe Indian Ocean trade
became powerful and wealthy. served as a middleman between interior of africa and the city-states..
139
Diasporic Communties
Scatter pop with the same common origin in a smaller geographic area. Often because of involuntary or voluntary migrations.
140
Where did Buddhism spread to and by who?
TO central and east asia (china) by merchants on the silk roads
141
what is the blend of religions in Chinese popular religion?
Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism
142
Borobudur
Buddhist temple built in Sailedraa Kingdom.
143
Buddhism in Korea
Forced to spread via chinese conquest and colonization. Tribute system with china ensured a cultural link.
144
Buddhism in Vietnam
Volentrarily adopted buddhism from china. addition of a female buddha showing syncretism of vietnam’s beliefs and chinese buddhist culture
145
Angkor Wat
largest religious monument in Cambodia.
146
Ibn Battuta
muslim moroccan explorer who voted most of the non islamic world. traveled much more than marco polo. set off on a haji to mecca for 16 month but loved learning so was gone for 24 years.
147
Marco Polo
venetian merchant traveler who recorded his travels in a book and introduced europeans to central and east Asia.
10 grade
flashcards
Decks in class (38)
# Cards
-
Ap chem summer packet38
-
ap chem - names and symbols of common ions36
-
ap chem 1.1-1.537
-
ap chem 1.69
-
ap chem 2.1 - 2.528
-
vocab quiz 120
-
ap chem 2.5 - 3.4 : some parts missing34
-
vocab quiz 220
-
debate phlosiphers29
-
literary devices test50
-
ap chem 3.4 - 3.7 and 6.1,6.215
-
ap chem ap test unit 3 and 661
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ap world test unit 0-2147
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vocab quiz 320
-
ap chem 711
-
ap chem 49
-
ap chem midterm47
-
retoric and logical fallacy quiz29
-
vocab quiz 520
-
debate midterm36
-
vocab quiz 620
-
Ap chem 4 some12
-
ap chem 5 some13
-
chap 191
-
ap world test 3-432
-
vocab quiz 720
-
ap chem 9 worksheet half8
-
ap chem chap 8,9,1027
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vocab quiz 820
-
macbeth test29
-
vocab quiz 920
-
debate final26
-
vocab quiz 820
-
vocab quiz 920
-
vocab quiz 1020
-
vocab quiz 1120
-
vocab quiz 1120
-
vocab 1220
