John Locke
Viewed political life as the result of a social contract, giving up some rights to a government in return for law and order
Voltaire
best known for his social satire Candide
Deism
The belief that a divinity simple set natural laws in motion
Bastille
a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy
Reign of Terror
A period during which government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution
Haiti
Located on the western third of the island of St. Domingue
L’ Ouverture
former slave who proved to be a capable general
Creoles
Born of European ancestry in the Americas, well educated and aware of the ideas behind the revolutions in North America
Mestizos
born of European and Indian parents
Realpolitik
belief in the practical politics of reality
Garibaldi
led the Red Shirts military force, fought farther south in the Kingdom of Naples
Otto von Bismarck
Prussian leader, favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification
Empiricism
belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience
Philiosophes
explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways
Montesquieu
praised the British government’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament
Rousseau
expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke
Adam Smith
one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment
Laissez-Faire
a French phrase for “leave alone”
Paine
never one to shrink from conflict, militant in his defense of Deism
Declaration of Independence
expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule
Declaration of the Rights of Man
declaring basic human rights
