ANATOMY 1120 > Appendicular Skeleton- Lower Extremities > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton- Lower Extremities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pelvis?

A
  • Composed of 4 bones: sacrum, coccyx and right/left ossa coxae (hip bones)
  • Portracts and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity
  • Pelvic girdle refers to the ossa coxae only
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2
Q

What are the ossa coxae? (pelvis)

A
  • Hip bones that are each formed by 3 separate bones: ilium, ischium and pubis (fuse between 13 and 15 years of age)
  • Each ossa coxae articulates posteriorly with an auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
  • Has a large, curved depression called the acetabulum which articulates with the femur (c- shaped lunate surface in particular)
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3
Q

What is the ilium? (ossa coxae)

A
  • Largest of the 3 coxal bones

- Forms the superior region and the largest portion of the acetabular surface

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4
Q

What is the ala? (ilium)

A
  • Wide, fan-shaped portion of the ilium
  • Terminates inferiorly at a ridge called the arcuate line on the medial surface
  • On the medial side is a depression called the iliac fossa
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5
Q

What are gluteal lines? (ilium)

A
  • On the lateral surface of the ilium
  • Anterior, posterior and inferior lines
  • Attachment sites for the gluteal muscles of the buttock
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6
Q

WHat is the auricular surface? (ilium)

A
  • On the posteromedial side of the ilium

- Large and roughened area where the ilium articulates with the sacrum and sacroiliac joint

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7
Q

What is the iliac crest? (ilium)

A
  • The superior most ridge of the ilium
  • The ridge of bone you can palpate on your lateral sides at the hips is the iliac crest
  • Arises anteriorly from a projection called the anterior superior iliac spine
  • Extends posteriorly from the posterior superior iliac spine
  • Located inferiorly to the ala of the ilium are the anterior inferior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine
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8
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch? (ilium)

A
  • Adjacent to the posterior inferior iliac spine

- Through which the sciatic nerve travels to the lower limb

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9
Q

What is the ischium? (pelvis)

A
  • Fuses with the ilim near the superior and posterior margins of the acetabulum
  • Accounts for the posterior 2 fifths of the acetabular surface
  • The ischial spine is posterior to the acetabulum and is triangular and projects medially
  • Bulky bone superior to the ischial spine is the ischial body
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10
Q

What is the lesser sciatic notch? (ischium)

A
  • A semicircular depression inferior to the ischial spine
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11
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity? (ischium)

A
  • Roughened projection on the posterolateral border the ischium
  • Also called sitz bones because they support the weight of the body when seated
  • An elongated ramus extends from the tuberosity toward its anterior fusion with the pubis
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12
Q

What is the pubis? (pelvis)

A
  • Fuses with the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum
  • Ischial ramus fuses anteriorly with the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus
  • Superior pubic ramus originates at the anterior margin of the acetabulum
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13
Q

What is the obturator foramen? (pubis)

A
  • A space in the os coxae that is encircled by both pubic and ischial rami
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14
Q

What is the pubic crest? (pubis)

A
  • Roughened ridge that is located on the anterosuperior surface of the superior ramus
  • Ends at the pubic tubercle
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15
Q

What is the pubic tubercle? (pubis)

A
  • An attachment site for the inguinal ligament and terminates the pubic crest
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16
Q

What is the symphyseal surface? (pubis)

A
  • Denotes the site of articulation between pubic bones

- A roughened area on the body of the pubis

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17
Q

What is the pectineal line? (pubis)

A
  • On the medial surface of the pubis

- Originates and extends diagonally across the pubis to merge with the arcuate line

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18
Q

What is the pelvic brim?

A
  • A continuous oval ridge that extends from the pubic crest, pectineal line and arcuate line to the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala and promontory
  • Helps subdivide the entire pelvis into a true pelvis and a false pelvis
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19
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A
  • Also known as the lesser pelvis
  • Lies inferior to the pelvic brim
  • Encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains pelvic organs
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20
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A
  • Also known as the greater pelvis
  • Lies superior to the pelvic brim
  • Enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones
  • It forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the inferior abdominal organs
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21
Q

What is the pelvic inlet?

A
  • Also known as the superior pelvic aperture
  • Is superiorly positioned space enclosed by the pelvic brim (space on the inside- hole)
  • Opening at the boundary between the true pelvis and the false pelvis
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22
Q

What is the pelvic outlet?

A
  • Also known as the inferior pelvic aperture
  • Is the inferiorly placed opening bounded by the coccyx, the ischial tuberosities and the inferior border of the pubic symphysis
  • Covered by muscles and skin and forms the body region called the perineum
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23
Q

What is the preauricular sulcus?

A
  • Which is a depression/groove between the greater sciatic notch and the sacroiliac articulation
  • Males tend to not have this sulcus
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24
Q

What is the subpubic angle?

A
  • Is the angle formed when the left and right pubic bones are aligned at their pubic symphysis
  • In females this is much wider and convex
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25
What are the lower limbs?
- Arrangement and number of bones is similar to those of the upper limb - Adapted for weight bearing and locomotion - Shaped differently then the upper extremities and articulate differently with comparable bones of the upper limb Each lower limb contains 30 bones: 1 femur, 1 patella, 1 tibia, 1 fibula, 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, 14 phalanges
26
What is the femur?
- The longest, heaviest and strongest bone of the body - Its spherical head articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum - Distal to the head, an elongated neck joins the shaft of the femur at an angle (brings knees closer to the midline)
27
What is the fovea? (femur)
- Small depression at the head of the femur | - Where a small ligament connects the head of the femur to the acetabulum
28
What are the greater and lesser trochanters? (femur)
- 2 massive rough processes that originate near the proximal end of the femur - Serve as an insertion site for the powerful gluteal and thigh muscles - Greater: projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft (bone you can palpate laterally below the hip joint) - Lesser: located on the femurs posteromedial surface
29
What is the intertrochanteric crest? (femur)
- Connects the greater and lesser trochanters on the posterior surface of the femur by a thick oblique ridge of bone called the intertrochanteric crest - Has an intertrochanteric line that extends between the 2 trochanters and marks the distal edge of the hip joint capsule
30
What is the pectineal line? (femur)
- Inferior to the intertrochanteric crest | - Marks the attachment of the pectineus muscle
31
What is the gluteal tuberosity? (femur)
- Marks the attachment of the gluteus maximus muscle
32
What is the linea aspera? (femur)
- Prominent feature on the posterior surface of the shaft - Is an elevated, midline ridge that denotes the attachment site for many thigh muscles - Where the gluteal tuberosity and the pectineal line merge proximally - It distally branches into medial and lateral supracondylar lines (medial terminates in the adductor tubercle)
33
What is the popliteal surface? (femur)
- A flattened triangular area that is bordered by the supracondylar lines of the linea aspera - Also creates an imaginary line between the distal epicondyles
34
What are the medial and lateral condyles? (femur)
- On the distal, inferior surface of the femur - 2 smooth, oval articulating surfaces - Superior to each condyle are projections called the medial and lateral epicondyles - The medial and lateral supracondylar lines terminate at these epicondyles
35
What is the intercondylar fossa? (femur)
- On the distal posterior surface of the femur - A deep fossa that separates the 2 condyles - Both condyles continue from the posterior surface to the anterior surface, where their articular faces merge, producing an articular surface with elevated lateral borders
36
What is the patellar surface? (femur)
- A smooth anteromedial depression | - Where the patella articulates with the femur
37
What is the patella?
- Also known as the kneecap - A large, roughly triangular sesamoid bone - Located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle - Allows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris to glide more smoothly by distributing the force placed on the tendon - Also helps to protect the knee joint - Superior base is broad and inferior apex is pointed - Easily palpated along the anterior surface of the knee - The posterior aspect has an articular surface that articulates with the patellar surface of the femur
38
What is the crural region of the lower limb?
- Between the knee and the ankle (tibia and fibula) - 2 parallel bones, the thick and strong tibia and the slender fibula - Tibia and fibula are connected by interosseous membrane (composed of dense regular connective tissue) which extends between the interosseous borders
39
What is the tibia? (crural)
- Medial and the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region - It's broad and superior head has 2 relatively flat surfaces called the medial and lateral condyles which articulate respectively to the medial and lateral condyles of the femur - Intercondylar eminence separates these 2 condyles
40
What is the fibular articular facet? (tibia)
- On the proximal posterolateral side of the tibia | - Where the head of the fibula articulates to form the superior tibiofibular joint
41
What is the tibial tuberosity? (tibia)
- The rough anterior surface of the tibia near the medial and lateral condyles - Can be palpated just inferior to the patella and marks the attachment site for the patellar ligament
42
What is the anterior border of the tibia?
- The ridge that extends distally along the anterior tibial surface of the tibial tuberosity - This crest can be felt through the skin and is commonly known as the shin
43
What is the medial malleolus? (tibia)
- Where the tibia narrows distally at its medial border to form a prominent process - Can be palpated on the medial side of your ankle
44
What is the fibular notch? (tibia)
- On the distal posterolateral side of the tibia - Where the fibula articulates and forms the inferior tibiofibular joint - On the inferior distal surface of the tibia is a smooth inferior articular surface for the talus (one of the tarsal bones)
45
What is the fibula? (crural)
- The long, thin, lateral bone of the crural region - It has expanded proximal and distal ends - Although the fibula does not bear any weight, it is the origin for several muscles - The knoblike head is slightly inferior and posterior to the lateral condyle of the tibia (has an articular facet that articulates with the tibia) - Has a neck and shaft - Has a distal tip called the lateral malleolus
46
What is the lateral malleolus? (fibula)
- The distal tip of the fibula - Extends laterally to the ankle joint - Provides stability - Can be palpated on the lateral side of your ankle
47
What are the bones that form the ankle and foot?
- Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
48
What are the tarsals?
- 7 bones of the ankle and proximal foot - Are analogous to the eight carpal bones of the wrist, although their shapes and arrangement are different - Tarsal bones are thoroughly integrated into the structure of the foot because they help the ankle bear the body's weight
49
What are the proximal row of tarsal bones?
- Calcaneus, talus and navicular
50
What is the calcaneus? (proximal tarsal)
- The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone which forms the heel - Has a rough knob-shaped posterior end that is the point of attachment for the achilles tendon which extends from the strong muscles on the posterior side of the leg
51
What is the talus? (proximal tarsal)
- The superior most and second largest tarsal bone | - The superior aspect of the talus articulates with the articular surface of the tibia
52
What is the navicular? (proximal tarsal)
- Most medial tarsal bone of the ankle
53
What is the distal row of tarsal bones?
- 3 cuneiform and 1 cuboid bone
54
What are the cuneiform bones (distal tarsals)
- Wedge-shaped bones with articulations between them - Positioned anterior to the navicular bone and articulate with its anterior surface proximally - Named according to position: medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform and lateral cuneiform
55
What is the cuboid bone? (distal tarsal)
- Laterally placed bone - Articulates at its medial surface with the lateral cuneiform and the calcaneus - The distal surfaces of the cuboid bone and the cuneiform bones articulate with the metatarsal bones of the foot
56
What are the metatarsal bones?
- 5 long bones of the foot - Similar arrangements and names to the metacarpal bones - They form the sole of the foot and are identified by roman numerals I-V, proceeding medially to laterally across the sole - Metatarsals I-III articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones - Metatarsals IV-V articulate with the cuboid bone - Distally each articulates with the proximal phalanx
57
What are the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsal?
- At the head of metatarsal "I" - 2 tiny bones which insert on the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle - Helps those tendons move more freely by distributing the force more evenly along them
58
What are the phalanges?
- 14 bones of the toes | - Each toe has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle and distal), besides the hallux
59
What is the hallux? (phalange)
- Has only 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
60
WHat are the arches of the foot?
- The arch of the sole helps support the weight of the body and ensures that the blood vessels and nerves on the sole of the foot are not pinched while standing - There are 3: medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse
61
What is the medial longitudinal arch?
- The highest of the 3 arches - Extends from the heel to the great toe - Formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform bones and metatarsals I-III - Prevents the medial side of the foot from touching the ground and gives out footprint its characteristic shape
62
What is the lateral longitudinal arch?
- Not as high as the medial arch, so the lateral part of the foot does contribute to a footprint - Extends between the little toe and the heel - Formed by the calcaneus, cuboid bones and metatarsals IV and V
63
What is the transverse arch?
- Runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches - Formed by the distal row of tarsals (cuboid and cuneiforms) and all 5 bases 0f the metatarsals - Its shape is maintained primarily by the foot bones themselves (shaped to interlock and support their weight in an arch) - Strong ligaments attach to the bones and contracting muscles pull on the tendons, also helping to maintain its shape
ANATOMY 1120
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