Apportionment

Question 1

Apportionment in the Philippines was described where?

Answer 1

1987 Constitution - (Article VI, Section 5).

Question 2

Article VI, Section 5

Answer 2

1. Congressmen must be apportioned among the central districts according to their respective numbers
2. The number of representatives each area sends to congress should be based on its population

Question 3

Apportionment in the Philippines

Answer 3

Determines the number of the House of Representatives according to the proportion of the population of areas to the population of the Philippines.

Question 4

Apportionment

Answer 4

Dividing items between groups according to some plan, especially to make proportionate distribution in a fair manner.

Question 5

States

Answer 5

Parties having a stake in the apportionment.

Question 6

Seats

Answer 6

Indivisible objects that are divided among n states.

Question 7

Population

Answer 7

Set of n positive numbers that are used as the basis for the apportionment of the seats to the states.

Question 8

d

Answer 8

Standard divisor.

Question 9

Standard divisor

Answer 9

Ratio of the total population to the total number of seats to be allocated.

Question 10

q

Answer 10

Standard quota.

Question 11

Standard quota

Answer 11

Ratio of a state’s population to the standard divisor.

Question 12

Lower quota

Answer 12

q rounded down to the nearest whole number.

Question 13

Upper quota

Answer 13

q rounded up to the nearest whole number.

Question 14

Apportionment methods are a _ procedure that guarantees a _ of the seats to the _ using some formula that is based on the state’s _.

Answer 14

systematic, division, states, population

Question 15

The 6 apportionment methods

Answer 15

1. Hamilton’s
2. Jefferson’s
3. Adams’
4. Webster’s
5. Huntington-Hill’s
6. Lowndes’

Question 16

Hamilton’s method was proposed by _ _ , in _ to apportion the US House of _.

Answer 16

Alexander Hamilton, 1792, Representatives

Question 17

First apportionment method approved in the USA Congress

Answer 17

Hamilton’s.

Question 18

Hamilton’s was vetoed by President _ _ in _.

Answer 18

George Washington, 1792

Question 19

Methods that favour larger states

Answer 19

1. Hamilton’s
2. Jefferson’s

Question 20

Methods that favour smaller states

Answer 20

1. Adams’
2. Webster’s
3. Huntington-Hill’s
4. Lowndes’

Question 21

Steps in Hamilton’s

Answer 21

1. Calculate d
2. Calculate q
3. Add lower quotas
4. Assign remaining seats according to decimal part that is largest to smallest until the desired number is reached

Question 22

Jefferson’s method was proposed by _ _ in US _ from _ to _.

Answer 22

Thomas Jefferson, Congress, 1792, 1840

Question 23

Steps in Jefferson’s

Answer 23

1. Calculate d
2. Calculate q
3. Add lower quotas
4. Reduce d and repeat #2 and 3 until the total in #3 is equal to the total number of representatives

Question 24

dm

Answer 24

Modified/adjusted divisor.

Question 25

Adams' method was proposed by _ _ _.

Answer 25

John Quincy Adams

Question 26

Adams' used a...

Answer 26

*dm* > *d*, and rounded up his quotas.

Question 27

Steps in Adams'

Answer 27

1. Calculate upper quotas using *d* 2. Add upper quotas, and if the sum of the upper quotas is equal to the total number of seats to be apported, the apportionment is complete. Otherwise, proceed to the next step 3. Choose a *dm* > *d* and calculate *qm* and upper *qm* 4. If the sum of the upper *qm* in #3 is still not equal to the total number of seats to be apportioned, find a *dm* to reach desired number

Question 28

Webster's method was proposed by _ _.

Answer 28

Daniel Webster

Question 29

Webster's rounds...

Answer 29

off the quotas to the nearest whole number.

Question 30

Steps in Webster's

Answer 30

1. Calculate *d* 2. Calculate *q* 3. Round off and add the whole numbers 4. Increase *d* and repeat #2-3 (if sum from # 3 > desired number of seats), or decrease *d* and repeat #2-3 (if sum from #3 < desired number of seats)

Question 31

Hutington-Hill's method was proposed by _ _ and _ _.

Answer 31

Edward Huntington, Joseph Hill

Question 32

Huntington-Hill's is similar to Webster's method, but attempts to...

Answer 32

minimize the percent differences of how many people each representative will represent.

Question 33

Lowndes' method was proposed by _ _.

Answer 33

William Lowndes

Question 33

Steps in Huntington-Hill's

Answer 33

1. Calculate *d* 2. Calculate *q* 3. Get lower quota and geometric mean 4. Round up *q* **if** > geometric mean; round down *q* **if** < geometric mean 5. Adjust *d*. Repeat #2-4

Question 34

Lowndes' divides decimal part of...

Answer 34

each state’s quota by the whole number part when deciding where remaining representatives go.

Question 35

Steps in Lowndes'

Answer 35

1. Calculate *d* 2. Calculate *q* 3. Add lower quotas 4. Assign remaining seats according to ratio (largest to smallest, one each) until desired number is reached

Question 36

Formula for ratio

Answer 36

ratio = decimal part/whole number.

Question 37

Formula for *d*

Answer 37

*d* = total population/total number of seats.

Question 38

Formula for *q*

Answer 38

*q* = state's population/*d*.