Phycology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic assumptions of the humanistic approach

A

Idiographic approach- every individual is unique
Every individual has free will
People should be viewed holistically (whole life)
Not a science

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2
Q

4 characteristics of self actualised people

A

Strong sense of self awareness
Fully accepting view on themselves and others
Ability to deal with the uncertain
Strong sense of creativity

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3
Q

What is self actualisation

A

achieving full potential

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4
Q

What is Maslow theory of motivation

A

We all have some motivation to use free will to reach self actualisation

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5
Q

What is hierarchy of needs in order from lowest

A

Basis of life
Care of self and family
Relationships
Mental health
Self actualisation

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6
Q

What is flow theory

A

Being fully endorsed in an activity which seems to increase personal growth due to the person being driven to improve performance

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7
Q

What did Roger’s introduce in the humanistic approach

A

Self concept, ideal self and real self need to be congruent to rehash Self Actualisation. This can only be done if at some point you’ve been loved unconditionally.

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8
Q

What is the therapy used in humanistic approach, what did Gibbard and Hanley do to test this

A

Q-sort method, 100 cards to asses a persons mind which they rank on scale from very much like me to very much not like me aimed to increase self worth of patientpatient
Gibbard and Hanley- studied impact of Q-Sort method with 700 people and 70% showed improvement after client centred therapy

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9
Q

What did Harter eat al discover humanistic approach

A

Children who fulfil conditions to gain approval from parents are likely to not like themselves in the future, false self behaviour.

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10
Q

What is the Cognitive Approach

A

Approach which studies how our mental processes affect behaviour

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11
Q

What is information processing model

A

Input- processing - output— compares human to computer, explains mental processes

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12
Q

Research methods of cognitive approach

A

Laboratory, field, natural

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13
Q

What are 3 assumptions of Cognitive approach

A

Mental systems have limited capacity
Two way flow of information
Control mechanism overseas all mental processes

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14
Q

What is schema

A

Package of ideas and information developed through experience and helps organise and interpret information and experiences

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15
Q

What are the three schemas

A

Role schema
Event schema
Self schema

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16
Q

What happens if information is consistent / inconsistent in schema

A

Consistent information- fully assimilated, schema strengthened
Inconsistent information- information is adapted, schema changes

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17
Q

What are 3 negatives of schema

A

Prejudices, stereotypes can grow
Biases created
Stops people from learning new information

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18
Q

What did Piaget discover about schemas

A

We are born with small number of schemas and we construct new ones through our life
Assimilation- occurs when we understand new experience
Accommodation- occurs when we understand dramatic new experiences, completely changes schema
Equilibrate- occurs when we encounter new information and it is built on top of the schema

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19
Q

What is the treatment for mental health in cognitive approach

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy- patients learn how to notice negative thoughts and tests their accuracy. Goals set to think positively and challenges the negative thought process

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20
Q

What is the biological approach

A

Combines physiology and biology to provide physiological explanations for human behaviour, attempts to explain how we think feel and behave in terms of physical factors with the body

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21
Q

What are 2 basic assumptions of biological approach

A

Everything psychological is at first biological
The mind lives in the brain ( unlike cognitive approach)

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22
Q

What are neurochemicals

A

Chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning

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23
Q

What role does genetics have in the biological approach

A

Research has shown that the environment can play more of a role in determining behaviour than genetics

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24
Q

What is genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype- actual set of genes the individual has
Phenotype- visual features

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25
What are 4 ways you can investigate the genetic basis of behaviour in biological approach
Twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, selective breeding
26
What are the two different zygotes and what characteristics follow them
Monozygotic- one fertilised egg cell splits into two separate embryos, 100% concordance rates between the twins Dizygotic- two separate egg cells gets fertilised by different sperm cells, lower concordance rates
27
What do adoption studies do
Comparing a trait or characteristic between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents
28
What has selective breeding been used to prove
Used to demonstrate how a number of behavioural characteristics may have a genetic basis.
29
What are two types of genes and explain
Recessive and dominant. If a dominant gene is present it controls the characteristic
30
What is heterozygous and homozygous
Heterozygous- genotype consisting of two different genes: Bb Homozygous- genotype consisting of the same genes: BB
31
What is evolution
Changes in inherited charactaristics in a biological population over a number of generations
32
What is natural selection
Animals with particular traits that provide them with an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce therefore passing on their adaptive traits to their offspring.
33
What is sexual selection
Selection of characteristics that increases mating success
34
What are 3 assumptions of the behavioural approach
Primarily concerned with observable behaviour. Psychology is a science, behaviour must be measured in highly controlled events to establish cause and affect. We are born with a blank slate, we learn from our environment.
35
What is stimulus response and reinforcement
Stimulus: anything internal or external that brings out a response Response: any reaction in presence of the stimulus Reinforcement: process by which a response is strengthened
36
Explain pavlovs dogs classical conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (food) = unconditioned response (salivation) Neutral stimulus (noise) = no salivation Unconditioned stimulus (food) + neutral stimulus (noise) = unconditioned response (salivation) Conditioned stimulus (noise) = conditioned response (salivation)
37
What did BF skinner claim
All behaviour is learnt through positive and negative consequences in our environment.
38
What is positive reinforcement
Rewarding the figure for behaving in a certain way with the aim to increase likelihood of behaviour to be repeated
39
What is negative reinforcement
Removal of unpleasant consequences to increase likelihood of response
40
what is punishment
Receiving unpleasant consequences to decrease likelihood of behaviour to be repeated.
41
Give 3 strengths of behavioural approach
Very scientific so theories are testable and can establish cause and affect easily. Mainly quantitative data so easily analysed Influences all areas of psychology
42
Give 3 limitations of the behavioural approach
Only considered nurture and rules out any other theories Lacks ecological validility due to highly controlled experiments Not all research reaches ethical guidelines
43
What are 3 assumptions of phycodynamic approach
Unconscious forces in our mind determine our thoughts feelings and behaviour Our behaviour as adults is strongly influenced by our childhood experiences Abnormal behaviour is result of mental conflict
44
What is the conscious, preconscious and unconscious give examples
Conscious- the small amount of mental activity we know about. Thoughts, perceptions Preconscious- things we could be aware of if we tried. Memories, stored knowledge. Unconscious- things we are not aware of and cannot be aware of. Fears, unacceptable desires etc
45
What is the structure of personality
Tripartite model shown through ice burg and Freud believes we all have 3 personalities. Super ego is conscious preconscious and unconscious. Ego is both conscious and preconscious, ID is unconscious.
46
What is the character A personality (ID)
Gets what it wants, unconscious drives and instincts, only ID is present at birth
47
What is the character B personality (Ego)
Develops around age of 2, makes people aware of other people’s feelings, role is to reduce conflict between demand of id and superego,
48
What is the character C personality (superego)
Formed at age around 5, internalised sense of right and wrong, punishes ego for the wrong doing through guilt
49
What happens when ego is too weak or ID or superego is too strong
Ego too weak: allows id and superego to dominate ID too strong: selfish, out of control, could become psychopathic Superego too strong: strict, anxious, obsessive, depression, anxiety
50
What is a healthy pshyc in term of structure of personality
Ego in charge
51
What is a neurotic psyche in term of structure of personality
Superego in charge
52
What is a psychotic pshyc in term of structure of personality
ID in charge
53
Explain the psychosexual stages discovered by Freud
Freud believed we are born with a sexual pleasure urge. There’s a number of stages we need to go through to be psychologically healthy and mental abnormality can occur if not completed.
54
What is the oral stage and what happens if not completed
The mouth is the main focus of pleasure during this stage The child enjoys tasting and sucking. The mother’s breast is the object of desire Successful completion of this stage is demonstrated byweaning – eating independently Consequence of unresolved conflict. Oral Fixation – sarcastic, critical, sensitive to rejection – overeats and drinks, bite nails, may smoke.
55
What is the anal stage and what happens if not completed
18 months to 3 years Defecation is main source of pleasure Successful completion marked by potty training Consequence of unresolved conflict Anally retentive - very tidy, stubborn, likes order and being in control, perfectionist, obsessive Anally expulsive - Thoughtless, messy
56
What is the phallic stage and what happens if not completed
Around age 3-5 years Form of pleasure is the genital area Oedipus complex - Boy wants his mother as his ‘primary love object’ & wants his father out of the way Electra complex – Girls experience penis envy; they desire their father, as the penis is the primary love object and hate their mother Consequence of unresolved conflict • Phallic personality – narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual
57
What is the latency stage and what happens if not completed
Age 5 to puberty Sexual urges sublimented to sports and other hobbies, same sex relationships, No particular requirements for succescful completetion
58
What is the genital stage and what happens if not completed
Puberty into adulthood Task is to develop healthy adult relationships Consequence of unresolved conflict • Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
59
What is denial
completely reject the thought or feeling and completely refuse to acknowledge some aspect of reality. Unwanted reality is ignored and blocked from conscious awareness.
60
What is repression
Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind. The ego stops unwanted and painful thoughts from becoming conscious.
61
What is displacement
you transfer feelings from true sources of distressing emotion onto a substitute target.
62
How does psychological disorders link to repression
Psychological disorders are defence mechanisms against repressed emotional problems and impulses. The symptoms of a disorder have a hidden meaning that can be decoded.
63
What is a Freudian slip
A Freudian slip, also called parapraxis, is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that occurs due to the interference of an unconscious subdued wish or internal train of thought.
64
What is psychoanalysis
range of techniques used to access the unconsc
65
Explain the sex bias in Freuds experiments
Freud created an alpha bias Femininity was failed masculinity and that we can never believe that the two sexes are equal in position or worth.
66
Explain psychic determinism
According to Freud, in human behaviour, there is no such thing as an accident - Slip of the tongue is driven by the unconscious forces and has deep symbolic meaning. - This approach explains all behaviour, even accidents, as determined by unconscious conflicts that are rooted in childhood
67
What are the three case studies in the behaviourism approach
Pavlovs dogs- classical conditioning Watson and rayner- little Albert Skinner - skinners box
68
What is the case study in social learning theory
Bandura- bobo doll
69
What is the case study in cognitive approach
Bartlett- war of the ghosts
70
What is the case study in psychodynamic approach
Freud – The role of the unconscious; personality; psychosexual stages; defence mechanisms
71
What is the 2 case study in humanistic approach
Maslow’s hierarchy of need Roger’s- person centred therapy and self-actualisatio
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