What is the economic structure of the Aztecs (mexico)?
Corn cultivation, settled agricultural villages
The Aztecs adapted to their watery environment with chinampas, canals, and aqueducts.
What was the social structure of the Aztecs (Mexico)?
Emperor → Nobility → Commoners → Slaves
This hierarchy reflects the political and social organization of Aztec society.
How did the Aztecs (mexico) adapt to their environment?
Chinampas, floating gardens, canals, aqueducts
These innovations allowed them to thrive in a watery environment.
What was the economic base of the Chinook (Pacific Northwest) people?
Fishing (mainly salmon) and trade networks
The Columbia River was crucial for transportation and fishing.
What was the social structure of the Chinook (Pacific Northwest)?
organized into households, not a centralized government, with distinct divisions of elites, commoners, and slaves.
This structure indicates a stratified society based on roles and achievements.
How did the Chinook (Pacific Northwest) thrive in their environment?
Rich environment around the Columbia River and Pacific coast
Their economy was heavily reliant on the natural resources provided by these areas.
What was the survival strategy of the Shoshone (Great Basin)?
Gathering plants, seeds, and hunting deer, antelope, rabbits
Their survival depended on resource availability due to arid climate.
What characterized the social structure of the Shoshone (Great Basin)?
Based on family bonds and hunter-gathering
Leadership was earned by guiding the group to resources.
How did the Shoshone (Great Basin) adapt to their environment?
Moving in small family groups and following seasonal food sources
This adaptation was crucial for survival in the Great Basin.
What were the economic activities of Cahokia (Mississippi River Valley)?
Manufacture and trading of salt and chert
Cahokia was a major trading center in the Mississippi River Valley.
What was the social structure of Cahokia (Mississippi River Valley)?
Chiefdoms: Central leader → Elites/Nobility → Artisans → Commoners → Slaves
This structure was based on kinship and political authority.
How did the environment influence Cahokia (Mississippi River Valley)?
Dynamic environment shaped by river behavior and climate changes
The fertile land supported agriculture and diverse habitats.
What motivated European exploration and colonization of the New World?
Profits from new trade routes, driven by God, Gold, and Glory
Spain sought to convert indigenous people and gain wealth.
What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange?
Connected global markets, introduced diseases, cultural changes, and cash crops
It led to significant demographic and economic shifts on both sides of the Atlantic.
How did the Spanish Empire shape social structures in North America?
Encomienda system, racial hierarchy: Peninsulares → Creoles → Mestizos → Natives → Slaves
Cultural assimilation into Spanish language and religion was also significant.
What was the economic policy of the Spanish Empire?
Mercantilism aimed to extract wealth from colonies
Focused on valuable metals, damaging the environment and exploiting indigenous communities.
How did Native Americans defend their sovereignty against Europeans?
Algonquians absorbed surrounding lands, Iroquois League united for strength
These strategies helped them maintain power and resources.
What were the characteristics of Spanish colonies in North America?
*Claims based on exploration/conquest by Columbus, Magellan, Cortes, Coronado, etc.
*Claims in Mexico, American SW, California, Florida, along the MS river (in conflict with
French claims), Caribbean, South America
*Native American societies in Mexico (Aztec) and South America (Inca) were complex
urbanized empires (maize cultivation)
*Columbian Exchange including horse, livestock, disease, sugar go to New World; Potato
leads to huge population growth in Europe
* Encomienda System (NA slaves mine precious metals & work plantations; promise to
protect & Christianize); eventually replaced with African slave labor
* Spanish Mission System – Christianize & assimilate
*Mestizo – integration of NA into Spanish settlements (male settlers, complex settled
societies)
*Race based “caste system” – Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizo, full blooded NA and Africans;
wealth and power tied directly to race
* Tight control over their colonies, Colonial administration by Spanish born governors, Creoles
have little power; enforcement of mercantilist policies, controlled immigration to New World
* Pueblo Revolt/Pope’s Rebellion 1680 – 12 years to reconquer; leads to accommodation of
some aspects of NA culture
* Black Legend
Natives resisted dominance and social structures were based on race.
What characterized French colonies in North America?
- Based on claims established by Cartier, Champlain, La Salle
- Claims in eastern Canada (Nova Scotia first) and Mississippi Valley; some
claims overlap with England and Spain (Nova Scotia, MS River Valley) - Enforces mercantilist policies
- Sent fewer people to the Americas, slow population growth, controlled
immigration to New World - Initial wealth from colonies came from fur trade
- Coureur des bois – independent French woodsmen who traveled into the
interior of North America to trade for furs especially beaver pelts with Native
Americans. Learned the trades and practices of the native people. - Intermarriage – Metis (offspring of Native Americans and French)
- Mostly, French coexist peacefully with NA
- Christian missionaries – Roman Catholic like Spain
- No representative legislatures
What was a commonality between all colonial powers in North America?
Desire for profits, trade, use of slavery, and spreading religion
All powers faced conflicts and sought to exploit resources.
What characterized British colonies in North America?
Based on claims established by John Cabot, Henry Hudson
* Claims along east coast of North America, Hudson Bay area, Newfoundland (in conflict
with France)
* Native Americans less densely populated than Spanish America (slow spread of maize
cultivation, disease).
* Sent many settlers (men and women) to America, England set few restrictions on
immigration to New World
* Unique in that their goal was to set up colonies based on agriculture
* Jamestown settlers trade with Powhatan and learn to grow corn, but also have
extensive wars. Policy of continual war without peace – push them out or kill them.
* New England – many NA had already been wiped out by disease, but engaged in
warfare with remaining NA.
* Did not intermarry or try to assimilate NA into English culture (except small attempt at
praying villages)/ethnocentrism
* Mercantilist policies and political regulations fall prey to policy of “salutary neglect”
* Representative legislatures in every colony
They had various types of colonies and experienced disagreements with natives.
What created nationalism for the American revolution?
The new image of the people in the new world who felt different from Europeans
What caused many Indians and Africans to die during colonization?
Diseases and war
Which region had high diversity leading to conflict?
Middle colonies (New York to Delaware)
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