Plant taxonomy classifies organisms into different taxonomic levels, including kingdom, phylum
Taxonomic Levels
_______are grouped together based on common characteristics, and ________ ate below ________ but above classes
Kingdoms and Phylums
The concept of _____/_____ was introduced by French botanist Joseph Pitton de Toumefort in 1684
Class/Order
____ _____ are easily recognized by capital letters and typically end with ‘ceae’
Family names
_____ is the first part of a plants binomial scientific name. It represents a group of plants within a family that share common characteristics
Genus
______, _______, and _______ are groups closely related ______. the ______ name is combined with the genus and specific epithet in the binomial scientific name
Species, subspecies, variants
_____ ______` share similar structures, and most are angiosperms
Plant Families
the _____ name is italicized or underlined, and there are thousands of genera in the plant kindom. The _____ name, combined with the _____, provides the specific name for a plant
Genus and Species Names
___ and ___ can be found on the surface of the plants skin layer in single or multi-cell convexities. examples include plants in the Lamiaceae plant family such as rosemary ( rosmarinus officinalis)
Glandular hairs and cells
____cells fill with ____ such as those of the Lauraceae plant family such as Cinammon (cinnamomum zeylanicum)
Oil and resin cells
______ from when neighboring glandular cells move apart, tubular ______ or ______ are formed; these _______ store essential oils of the Apiaceae family such as coriander (coriandrum sativum)
Oil or resin canals/ducts
_______ are the formation of secondary cavities from the disintegration of lysigenous secretory cell ________ of the Rutaceae family such a as lemon (Citrus Limonum)
oil reservoirs
a prevalent method involves suspending plant material over water, and then boiling the water. The steam, carrying essential oil vapors, is condensed , separating the essential oil from water. ______ ________is widely used for extracting oils from various plant parts
Steam distillation
1.__________ _________. Fragrant plants such as jasmine , Hyacinth, Narcissus, or Tuberose with fragile plant materials are dissolved in a liquid of either heptane, hexane, or methylene chloride as a suitable perfume solvent. the 2.__________ absorb the smell color and wax of the plant. After the plant material is removed, the 2. ____________ is boiled off under a vacuum to seperate the essential oil. a substance called ‘concrete’ remains once the 2._________ evaporates. The concrete is mixed with alcohol to aid in the filtering of waxes when distilling the alcohol away, which leaves an ‘absolute’ . Its important to note that absolute may contain 2-3 percent of the 2.________ ; therefore, its is note considered pure essential oil
- Solvent extraction 2. solvent
Citrus fruits such as Orange, Lime, grapefruit and Lemon contain essential oils within tiny sacs just beneath the surface rind. with this extraction method the oil must be expressed from the peels and seeds by rolling the fruit over a conveyer belt containing short needles. the small needles pierce the small oil pockets in the fruit’s skin or rind. the essential oil is collected and filtered as it runs out.
Cold pressed or Expression
an ancient method, rarely used today. This practice involved layering fragrant blooms upon sheets of warm animal fat (or long sheets of vegetable fat) to absorb the essential oil. Once the flower petals were exhausted, they were placed with fresh blossoms. this process was repeated until the sheet of fat was saturated with oil. The final process involved finally separating the oil with solvents leaving only the essential oil.
Enfluerage
1._______ _______ _______ uses 2.(______) 3.______ ______ ________ under intense pressure to extract the essential oil. In a stainless steel container, plant material is filled and carbon dioxide is injected, where the pressure builds. when. when carbon dioxide turns into a liquid, it acts as a solvent in extracting the essential oils from the plant material. Afterward , the pressure is lessened, and the carbon dioxide returns to a gaseous state, leaving no residues behind.3. _______ ________ ________ oils have a crisp aroma, smell more similar to their living plant, and produce a higher yield from its plant material. this metho provides a more potent oil with more significant therapeutic benefits
1.Hypercritical Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extraction 2. C02, 3. carbon dioxide extraction
_______ ______ is an extraction method in which plant materials are soaked in water; then hot steam is circulated and recycled through the plant mixture. ________ _______ is suitable for essential oils that are extracted from coarse plant material such as bark, roots, and seeds.
Turbo Distillation
______ _______. this process involves steam being dispersed from the top of that plant material in the plant chamber, saturating the plants, and taking less time than ordinary steam distillation. This method is considered less harsh than other distillations, with the essential oils smelling much more like the original plant
Hydro Diffusion
