Arrhythmia

Question 1

What diseases show left axis deviation

Answer 1

1. Left anterior fasicular block
2. Left bundle branch block
3. Left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 2

What diseases show right axis deviation

Answer 2

1. Left posterior fascicular block

2. Right heart hypertrophy

Question 3

What does the PR interval look like in WPW syndrome

Answer 3

Shorter than 120ms

Question 4

What does the QRS complex deflection pattern look like in the precordial chest leads

Answer 4

Negative in V1 and becomes progressively positive by V6

Question 5

What is the normal axis for the QRS complex

Answer 5

-30 to +90

Question 6

In what conditions would we get a broad QRS complex

Answer 6

Ventricular conduction delay

Bundle branch block

Question 7

In what conditions would there be a small QRS complex

Answer 7

Obesity
Pericardial effusion
Infiltrative cardiac disease

Question 8

In what conditions can a tall QRS complex be seen

Answer 8

1. LV hypertrophy (S wave in V1)

2. Thin patient

Question 9

What condition would cause the T wave to move in the opposite direction to the QRS complex

Answer 9

Bundle branch block

Question 10

Name four types of supraventiruclar tachycardia

Answer 10

Atrial Fibrillation
WPW
Atrial flutter
PSVT

Question 11

How are supra ventricular tachycardias diagnosed

Answer 11

ECG

Question 12

How are supraventiruclar tachycardias treated

Answer 12

Calcium channel blockers

Beta-blockers

Question 13

Characteristics of supra ventricular tachycardias on ECG

Answer 13

1. Narrow QRS

Question 14

What is WPW syndrome

Answer 14

AVN does not delay so signals move straight from the atria to the ventricles without break

Question 15

Where do supraventircular tachycardias originate from

Answer 15

1. SAN

2. AVN

Question 16

What causes bradycardia

Answer 16

1. Ischaemia
2. Inflammation
3. Drugs
4. Conduction tissue fibrosis

Question 17

What is Mobitz type I AV conduction problems

Answer 17

1. PR interval gradually increases until AV node fails completely + no QRS wave is seen. PR gradually returns to original length and repeats

Question 18

What is Morbitz type II AV conduction problems

Answer 18

1. Sudden unpredictable loss of AV conduction and QRS
2. Loss of conduction in Bundle of His and Purkyne fibres

PR interval is constant

Question 19

Characteristics of left bundle branch block on an ECG

Answer 19

1. Heart rhythm originates from supraventircular
2. QRS greater than 120ms
3. M-shaped R wave in V6
4. Deflection of T wave in opposite direction to QRS

Question 20

How to diagnose right bundle branch block on an ECG

Answer 20

1. Supraventircular origin
2. QRS more than 100ms in incomplete and 120 in complete
3. S wave prolonged
4. T wave opposite deflection to QRS

Question 21

How does an ECG indicate hyperkalaemia

Answer 21

1. Tall T waves
2. Flattening P waves
3. QRS broadening

Question 22

How does an ECG indicate hypokalaemia

Answer 22

Flattening of T wave, QT prolongation

Question 23

How does ECG indicate hypercalcaemia

Answer 23

QT shortening

Question 24

How does an ECG indicate hypocalcaemia

Answer 24

QT prolongation