1
Q
True or False? Urban Areas became sites of ethnic and racial mixing
A
true
2
Q
How many immigrants walked across the bridge in Ellis Island, NY?
A
An estimated 26 million immigrants had walked across the bridge to come into the U.S.
3
Q
How long did the Progressive Era last?
A
The Progressive Era lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s
4
Q
Who established the academic discipline of urban studies in the 1920s?
A
Ernest W. Burgess and Robert E. Park
5
Q
What did zoning laws do?
A
Zoning laws were used to manage sprawl, create orderly and navigable cities and move them away from industrial areas to avoid pollution
6
Q
True or False? In 1934 the September Court upheld zoning as constitutional
A
False, it was in 1926 that the Supreme Court upheld zoning as constitutional
7
Q
How tall was the Chrysler building?
A
The Chrysler Building was 1,046 feet tall
8
Q
What did Guy Pene du Bois’ childhood look like?
A
Guy Pene du Bois was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1884. He took up painting lessons at the age of fifteen, being instructed by William Merritt Chase and later with the Ashcan painter Robert Henri.
9
Q
When did the notion of a liberated “New Woman” emerge and why?
A
In the late nineteenth century as women took advantage of eduactional opportunities and moved into more public roles.
10
Q
What did the early New Women look like?
A
They were overwhelmingly white and middle class and represented the first wave of feminism between around 1870 and 1900.
11
Q
What did the New Woman morph into?
A
It morphed into one of the chracteristic stereotypes of the Jazz Age: the flapper.
12
Q
What did the flapper style feature?
A
Shoter skirts, uncorseted bodices, loose boxy silhouettes, long dangling necklaces, high heels, shorter haircuts, and makeup.
13
Q
What is the woman in “Woman on Sofa” described to be doing?
A
Having one arm on the back of a couch and the other draped over the armrest sits half-reclined, with her legs elegantly crossed and feet showing red high-heeled shoes.
14
Q
What did art showing this style of the New Woman ideal mostly focus on?
A
Focused on rich European American women, showing them in physical pursuits, such as golf, tennis, and bicycling, always chic and well dressed.
15
Q
What does Woman on Sofa represent?
A
The new gender dynamic of the time. This is shown through the woman’s bold pose and direct gaze show her as a powerful figure, not needing to rely on a man to situate her.
16
Q
What does photo Two Women from John Frank Keith provide?
A
It provides a more everyday representation of youth styles of the period.
17
Q
What does Russell Patterson’s, Where there’s smoke there’s fire, represent?
A
It is a stereotyped representation of the “flapper” ideal.
18
Q
What grew for women’s activism after the turn of the century? (1900s)
A
Women’s activism grew more public, and women stressed independence, intelligence, and unconventionality.
19
Q
What did Pene du Bois recall about his time living in Westport, Conneticut?
A
He recalled his time there as rather decadent and in spite of the prohibition on alcohol, “gin and orange juice ruled the days and nights… Work was an effort made between parties.”
20
Q
James Van Der Zee, born 1886 in Massachussets, moved where at the age of twenty to pursue a musical career?
A
James Van Der Zee moved to New York and played in the Harlem Orchestra
21
Q
What did James Van Der Zee open in 1916 in light of his newfound interest in photography?
A
James Van Der Zee opened a portrait studio in the Harlem neighborhood.
22
Q
Glamor shots, weddings, engagements, and family portraits were reasons for which group of people to have their pictures taken by James Van Der Zee?
A
Regular, every-day Harlem residents.
23
Q
Which of the two Great Migrations did a majority of James Van Der Zee’s clients originate from?
A
The first Great Migration, which lasted the duration between the two world wars.
24
Q
What is the definition of “Colloquially” as used in page 75 regarding “Jim Crow Laws”
A
To say something that is widely understood and recognized, however is informal, such as “What’s up”
25
What would historian Isabelle Wilkerson most likely agree with regarding the Great Migration's effects?
Anything directly or indirectly touched by the reactions to the Great Migrations.
26
A "Redlining" policy would be used in a neighborhood that already had large African American populations, true or false?
False, as "Redlining" policies discourage specific peoples from moving into particular places by denying loans, and was not present in already-established African American neighborhoods.
27
Why is Alaine Locke's term, "New Negro Movement" a better way to refer to the surge of African American art in the 1920s than the "Harlem Renaissance"?
Because the surge was not just felt in Harlem, as the term "Harlem Renaissance" would suggest.
28
An African American who experiences subjugation, racism, enforced illiteracy, and poverty is not a way to describe which concept created by Alaine Locke?
A "New Negro" who stands for mobility, education, affluency, and determination.
29
How would the works of James Van Der Zee cater to affluent customers?
By appealing to those who wished to show their status or seem sophisticated or charismatic.
30
How does Couple, Harlem's usage of backdrop differ from the rest of James Van Der Zee's usage of backdrops?
It differs from grand architecture and nature scenes, and instead places the "Sitters" (those being photographed) in a street riding a Cadillac.
31
Sprezzatura, a form of studied grace in portraiture, is reflected how in Couple, Harlem?
Via the relaxed glamor, casualness, but also a sense of firmness of the "Sitters" (those being photographed) postures.
32
Why were early usages of portraits described as occupational in character?
Because those being photographed tend to brought items or symbols representing their work into the photo.
33
Unlike modernist photographers such as Imogen Cunningham, what did James Van Der Zee think about forms of manipulation in photography?
James Van Der Zee viewed forms of manipulation, such as retouching, fine as long as the end result flattered the client.
34
Why did the migration of 6 million African Americans from the rural South to northern cities reshape urban culture?
It brought new cultural traditions, music, and social networks to urban centers, and changing the racial makeup of cities
35
How might the arrival of 26 million new immigrants since 1870 have challenged or enriched American city life?
Immigrants provided labor, introduced cultural diversity, and shaped neighborhoods, but also fueled tensions over housing, jobs, and assimilation
36
What does the fact that most Americans lived in cities by 1920 suggest about economic and cultural priorities at that time?
a shift toward industrial jobs, modern lifestyles, and consumer culture as the U.S. became more urbanized
37
How did Progressive Era zoning laws reflect both order and inequality in American cities?
They promoted safer, more organized cities but also reinforced segregation by dividing communities along racial and class lines
38
In what ways did separating industrial and residential zones improve safety but reinforce divisions?
It protected families from pollution and hazards, yet also pushed poorer and minority groups into less desirable areas
39
Why might city leaders have used zoning as a tool to enforce racial and class segregation?
Leaders wanted to preserve property values and maintain social hierarchies, often excluding minorities from wealthier neighborhoods
40
How does New York City’s 1916 “setback” law show the balance between aesthetics and practical needs in urban design?
It required tall buildings to narrow as they rose, creating the iconic “pyramid” look that let light and air reach the streets
41
How did innovations in elevator and steel-frame technology change how Americans imagined cities?
They made skyscrapers possible, symbolizing modern progress and allowing cities to grow vertically instead of just outward
42
What does the Chrysler Building’s Art Deco style say about 1920s attitudes toward wealth and progress?
Its bold geometry, metallic crown, and luxury-inspired details celebrated industrial power, prosperity, and glamour
43
Why might the use of Egyptian motifs in Art Deco designs reflect global influences on American art?
After Tutankhamun’s tomb was opened in 1922, Egyptian styles became fashionable, showing how international events shaped U.S. art
44
How did the “New Woman” challenge traditional gender roles through fashion and public life?
She embraced education, work, voting rights, and flapper fashions, pushing women into public spaces and away from restrictive roles
45
In what ways did department stores like Henri Bendel’s shape modern consumer identities?
They turned shopping into a cultural experience, where identity and status were expressed through fashion and luxury goods
46
How does Florine Stettheimer’s Spring Sale at Bendel’s critique the culture of consumption while still celebrating it?
It satirized frenzied shopping with exaggerated colors and cartoonish figures, while also capturing the excitement of fashion culture
47
How did James Van Der Zee’s portraits give middle-class Black Americans control over how they were represented?
His photos portrayed clients as stylish and successful, letting them shape their own image instead of relying on racist stereotypes
48
Why did the Harlem Renaissance emphasize both diversity of experience and unity of identity among Black Americans?
It celebrated the wide range of Black life—urban, rural, wealthy, working-class—while fostering pride in shared cultural achievements
49
How did Archibald Motley’s use of music, nightlife, and color in his paintings communicate cultural vibrancy and complexity?
His works captured the rhythm and energy of jazz clubs, reflecting both joy and the complexity of Black urban life
50
Why might critics have accused Motley of caricature, and how does this show tensions in representing Black identity?
Some thought his figures exaggerated stereotypes, but Motley aimed to show the variety of Black experiences, both nuanced and stylized
51
How does Benton’s description of his art as “history that becomes history with time” challenge traditional definitions of historical record?
It suggests art can capture everyday life as it happens, becoming a historical record once time passes
52
In what ways does City Activities with Dance Hall show how art can capture the lived experience of social change?
It depicts speakeasies, theaters, and entertainment alongside Prohibition-era tensions, showing history through ordinary people’s lives
53
Why is Benton’s focus on ordinary people important for understanding the impact of Prohibition and urban entertainment?
It shifts attention from politicians and elites to how everyday Americans experienced laws, crime, and culture in their daily lives
54
When and where was Archibald John Motley Jr. born
New Orleans 1891
55
Who made the selected work "Saterday Nights"
Archibald John Motley Jr.
56
When was "Saterday Nights" made
1935
57
Who in Archibald John Motley Jr family lived as an enslaved person
His maternal grandmother
58
What year did Archibald John Motley Jr grauate collage
1918
59
What college did Archibald John Motley Jr graduate from
Art Institute of chicago
60
What dose the selective work "saterday nights" show
The vibrient nightlife in chicago
61
What type of art is the selective work "saterday nights"
An oil painting
62
How big is the selective work "saterday nights"
32 inch by 40 inch
63
What type of art did Archibald John Motley Jr usaly creat
Naturalistic Art
64
Who made "Mulatress with Figurine and Dutch Seascape"
Archibald John Motley Jr
65
Where is it thought Archibald John Motley Jr was while painting the selective work "Saterday nights"
Watchinton DC
66
When was Thomas Hart Benton born?
Missouri, 1889
67
Where did Benton study?
The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and then in Paris between 1908 and 1911
68
When did Benton move to New York and what did he work as?
He moved in 1913, and worke as a set designer and painter of movie backdrops, where he learned to paint large compositions
69
What was Benton's goal on taking an Americanist approach in his works even though these were inspired by Europeans?
His goal was to foster a "national" art that would focus on themes, stories, and characters from a pluralistic American history
70
What movements was Benton affiliated with?
He joined the Socialist movement in the 1920s, but later came to embrace more moderate politics during the 1930s
71
Where did Benton work from 1926 to 1935?
He taught at the Art Students League in New York City. One of his students included Jackson Pollock
72
Why is Benton considered a Midwestern artist despite his international travels?
His paintings often featured rural or regional subjects and he spent the later part of his career in Missouri
73
What is Benton's art style described as?
Figurative style with exaggerated and elongated forms that move towards abstraction but remained narrative and illustrative
74
When did Benton pass away?
1975
75
What is City Activitites with Dance Hall a representation of?
It is a dramatic representation of the Prohibition Era seen through the lens of urban popular entertainments
76
What is the name of Benton's decade-long project that consisted of fourteen paintings?
American Historical Epic (1919-28), which was one of the first artworks by a European American artist to look critically at histories of colonialism against Native Americans and enslavement of Black Americans
77
How did Benton's American Historical Epic set the trajectory for his career?
After American Historical Epic, he would continue to focus on representing narratives from American mythology through social history
78
What is social history?
An examination of how historical events interfaces with the lives of ordinary people
79
What did Benton's commission for the New School for Social Research in New York consist of?
Ten panels showing tontemporary life, technology, agriculture, and industry around the country, known as America Today
80
What was Benton paid for America Today?
He was not paid, only the cost of the eggs he needed to prepare his egg yolk-based tempera paint used dor the murals
81
When were the America Today murals sold?
1982
82
Where are the America Today murals now?
They have been installed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art since 2014
83
How tall are the murals?
Around 7 feet and 8 inches tall; they stretch from floor to ceiling
84
How tall is City Activities with Dance Hall?
9 feet, 9 inches long
85
What does City Activities with Dance Hall feature in its upper right corner?
Circus performances, representing the popularity of traveling circuses in the first two decades of the century
86
What elements of the decade can be found on the right side of this painting?
Circus performers, a woman seated at a soda fountain and surrounded by multiple advertisements, a theater, and a scene of a mother and her child visiting a pediatrician refering to the Progressive-Era gains in childhood nutrition and vaccination programs
87
What can be found on the left side of this painting?
The left side is a representation of the Jazz Age containing illegal liquor, dance halls, a ticker tape machine, and a flapper
88
What painting of Benton's depicted organized crime after its rise during the Prohibition Era?
Bootleggers (1927)
89
What did Justin Wolf claim as America Today's murals greatest accomplishment?
Their blending of "a critical analysis of labor throughout American history and a celebration of popular culture"
90
Who was Florine Stettheimer and where did she spend most of her early life? Stettheimer was an American painter born in 1871 in Rochester
NY. After her father left for Australia
91
What was unusual about Stettheimer’s artistic training and style? She had little formal training and developed a distinctive
whimsical style that did not conform to mainstream modernism. Her work was colorful
92
What is “camp sensibility” and how does it relate to Stettheimer’s art? “Camp” refers to exaggerated
theatrical
93
What does Spring Sale at Bendel’s depict? The painting shows a chaotic department store fitting room during a sale
filled with women trying on clothes
94
How does the painting reflect the rise of department stores and consumerism? By the 1920s
department stores had become cultural institutions. They catered especially to women and encouraged seasonal shopping habits. Stettheimer’s painting captures the overwhelming and theatrical experience of consumerism at upscale stores like Henri Bendel.
95
What elements of Spring Sale at Bendel’s show influence from art history? Stettheimer references Persian miniature painting in her detailed costumes and colors. One woman is posed like a Mughal portrait
and another mimics a figure from Nicolas Poussin’s The Adoration of the Golden Calf
96
How does Stettheimer blend “high” and “popular” culture in this painting? She combines references to fine art (like classical poses and composition) with modern
popular subjects like fashion
97
What kind of materials and colors does Stettheimer use in the painting? She uses thick
textured paint to build up flowers and fabrics
98
How does Spring Sale at Bendel’s connect to women’s changing roles in the 1920s? The painting reflects women’s increasing visibility and autonomy as consumers. Department stores became spaces where women could exercise choice and identity. Stettheimer shows them not as passive shoppers
but active
99
Why was Stettheimer’s work considered ahead of its time? She explored themes like mass culture
advertising
100
What feature of department store design helped manage large crowds in the 1920s? Stores expanded display space and installed escalators to help control crowd flow and keep shoppers moving efficiently through the store.
101
What specific visual cue in Spring Sale at Bendel’s suggests a shopper is overwhelmed by the scene? A young woman in white and blue undergarments sits on a red ottoman with gold fringe and appears to swoon from the dramatic shopping chaos around her.
102
Who was Angel DeCora and what did she advocate for in the 1910's?
A Winnebago artist and educator who argued for the aesthetic value of Native arts.
103
What was significant about the Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts (1931–32)?
It was the first exhibition of Native American art selected entirely for aesthetic value.
104
Who curated the Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts?
John Sloan and Oliver LaFarge.
105
Which Indigenous artists were prominent in the early 20th century?
The Martinezes, Nampeyo (Hopi), and Louisa Keyser (Washoe)
106
What was Maria and Julian Martinez's artistic contribution?
They developed black-on-black pottery using ancient methods with modern appeal.
107
Why was signing artwork uncommon in Pueblo culture?
It was seen as prideful and work was often recognized within the community
108
How did Maria Martinez balance fame within her community?
She traded and sometimes signed other potters' work to increase its value.
109
What legacy did the Martinezes leave in the art world?
They helped reframe definitions of "art" vs. "craft".
110
What was Meta Warrick Fuller's 1921 sculpture?
Ethiopia Awakening
111
What political movement did Ethiopia Awakening align with?
The Pan-African movement.
112
What does the bandaged figure in Ethiopia Awakening symbolize?
A connection to Egyptology and emerging Black identity.
113
Why was Ethiopia a significant symbol in Fuller’s work?
It symbolized African resistance to colonial rule.
AcaDec_1920s
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
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Social Science - Section 1130
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Social Science - Section 2145
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Social Science - Section 3111
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Social Science - Section 479
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Literature Section 281
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Literature Section 3204
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Literature Section 4195
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Art Section 1 - part 1205
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Art Section 1 - part 2191
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Art Section 2135
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Art Section 3113
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Art Section 491
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Art Section 571
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Science Section 1188
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Science Section 2141
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Science Section 3123
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Science Section 4137
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Economics - Macro212
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Economics - Micro222
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Music Section 1346
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Music Section 2189
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Music Section 3146
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Music Section 4121
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Economics - Section 4112
