Arthropods

Question 1

Arthropod traits

Answer 1

Bilateral
Segmented body
Hard exoskeleton
Jointed legs
Many pairs of limbs

Question 2

Protelean parasites

Answer 2

Protelean parasite- an organism that lives parasitically as a larvae and free living as an adult
Ex: Blotfly

Question 3

What makes arthropods so successful?

Answer 3

Adaptable body plan, which includes a segmented body, an exoskeleton (protect them from the environment), and jointed appendages (higher mobility than worms, and better dispersal), and their ability to exploit diverse environments. High speciation and ability to access different niches helps as well.

Question 4

Tick lifecycle

Answer 4

eggs->larvae->Nymph->adult
Larvae feed on small mammals
Nymphs feed on small and medium mammals
Usually small mammals are reservoirs for diseases transmitted by ticks

Question 5

What class are ticks?

Answer 5

Arachnida

Question 6

Tick traits:

Answer 6

Segmentation reduced externally
Anterior gnathosoma/capitulum
Chelicera on each side of the mouth (piercing tearing gripping)
Idiosoma (posterior side of body that is not segmented)
Ticks all have 8 legs
Larger than mites
Terrestrial
Blood feeders

Question 7

Ixodes scapularis

Answer 7

Black-legged tick / deer tick
Nymphs of these ticks lead to lyme disease

Question 8

Ixodes pacificus

Answer 8

Western black-legged tick
Transmits Lyme disease in western U.S

Question 9

Mites traits

Answer 9

Acari (parasitic arachnids)
Segmentation reduced externally
Anterior gnathosoma/capitulum
Chelicera on each side of the mouth (piercing tearing gripping)
Idiosoma (posterior side of body that is not segmented)
Mites have fewer than 8 legs
Smaller than ticks
Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine

Question 10

Demodicid mites

Answer 10

Cigar shaped
Stumpy legs
Extremely host specific
On the face of most adult humans

Question 11

Demodex brevis

Answer 11

Face mite
Sebaceous gland mite
Entire life cycle on host; eggs → larvae → nymph → adult; transmitted via close contact.

Question 12

Demodex folliculorum

Answer 12

Hair follicle mite
lives in hair follicles
transmitted through direct facial contact

Question 13

Trombiculidae (chiggers)

Answer 13

Protelean parasite

Question 14

Sarcoptidae- scabies

Answer 14

Burrow under skin and cause intense itching
Linear tracks
Transmitted by prolonged contact

Question 15

Sarcoptes scabiei

Answer 15

Scabies mite
Female burrows into skin → lays eggs → larvae migrate to skin surface → nymphs/adults; spread by prolonged contact.

Question 16

Pyroglyphidae

Answer 16

Host dust mites
Abundant in dust and airborne
Lead to dust allergy

Question 17

Lice class

Answer 17

Insecta order phiraptera

Question 18

Lice traits:

Answer 18

Wingless
Dorsal ventrally flattened
Tarsal claws enlarged
Hold onto habitat
Eggs cemented to host hair or feathers (nits)
No free living stages
Die if separated from host

Question 19

Pthirus pubis

Answer 19

Crab louse
Complete lifecycle only a month
Transmitter of STDS
causes itching and infects pubic area

Question 20

Pediculus humanus capitis

Answer 20

Human head louse
Does not transmit disease

Question 21

Pediculus humanus corporis

Answer 21

Human body louse
Found in cramped conditions
Changing clothes and showering gets rid of body louse
Vector borne diseases can be transmitted by body lice

Question 22

What diseases can be transmitted by body lice?

Answer 22

Transmits epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), trench fever (Bartonella quintana), louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis).

Question 23

Trichodectes canis

Answer 23

Dog louse

Question 24

Hemipteran micro predators are

Answer 24

True bugs, distinguished by x and shield on its back

Question 25

Cimex lectularius

Answer 25

Bed bug 5 stage larvae Take blood meals from people at night Bites in a line can indicate bed bugs Spend only a few minutes on host Nocturnal Endure long periods of starvation Wingless, wedge themselves in small spaces Major resurgence in recent years Insecticide decline and resistance Capable of transmitting chagas disease

Question 26

Triatoma infestans

Answer 26

Kissing bug Vector of chagas disease (trypanosoma cruzi) Emerge at night from houses and painlessly bite the face of a human to take a bloodmeal Feces of kissing bug contains chagas disease Follow body heat Synathropic (follow people) Dogs and cats can be reservoirs Sylvatic reservoirs also exist

Question 27

Fleas order:

Answer 27

Siphonaptera

Question 28

Flea traits:

Answer 28

Bilaterally flattened Wingless Piercing sucking mouthparts Ctenidium and backwards directed setae (help hold onto host) Setae specialized for host Removal by grooming is hard Can survive off hosts for long times

Question 29

Pulex irritans

Answer 29

Human flea

Question 30

Xenopyslla cheopis

Answer 30

Rat flea Plague caused by Yersinia pestis Vector is the tropical rat flea Wild rodents transmit plague now 14th century epidemic (25% of Europe died) Thought that camels brought the plague from China to Europe

Question 31

Flies order:

Answer 31

Diptera

Question 32

Pyschodidae

Answer 32

Old world sand flies Delicate and weak fliers Prefer darkness and humidity Bite sleeping hosts Vectors of Leishmania Spp. Disease of the fores

Question 33

Glossina Spp

Answer 33

Tse-tse flies Probosicus feeds from front of head Daytime feeders Attracted to movement Vector of African Trypanosomiasis

Question 34

Simulium neavei and S. damnosum

Answer 34

Black flies Serrated teeth for cutting Females feed on blood, males feed on plant juices Larval development in fast moving oxygenated stream Vector for river blindness Larvae need to live on carapace of freshwater crabs Deforestation leading to less crabs and less flies and less river blindness

Question 35

Chysops Spp

Answer 35

Deer fly Large and powerful Daytime feeders Feed on pool of blood from cutting skin Eggs laid at waters edge Larvae crawl into water Vector of Loa loa

Question 36

Mosquito family:

Answer 36

Family Culicidae (within diptera)

Question 37

Culex quinquefasciatus

Answer 37

Synanthropic (thrives near humans) Breeds in cesspools and latrines Transmits lymphatic filariasis