What are the strategies that capitalize on network data to develop planned change programs? (valente, 2012)
- Identifying individuals
- Segmentation
- Induction
- Alteration
What is meant by the identifying individuals strategy? (Valente, 2012)
Indentifying individuals who are selected on the basis of some network property:
- Leaders
- Bridging individuals (brokers), they can have better positions to change others.
- Low-threshold change agents, they are willing to adopt an idea earlier than their peers -> create early momentum for the change and accelerate the time to reach a critical mass.
What is meant by the segmentation strategy? (Valente, 2012)
That the intervention is directed toward groups.
- Mutually exclusive vs. cliques
- Core-periphery network
- Identify nodes that occupy the same roles in the organization or community.
What is meant with the induction strategy? (Valente, 2012)
The excitation of the network occurs such that novel interactions between people are activated.
- Word-of-mouth (interpersonal among any and all social ties)
- Snowball-sampling (respondent-driven sampling), hard to reach respondents (closely-associated peers)
What is meant with the alteration strategy? (Valente, 2012)
The interventions that change the network.
- Adding/deleting nodes
- outside change agents (expert consultants, support groups)
- remove nodes that occupy critical positions in a network (terrorist) - Adding/deleting links
- bridge disconnected or loosely connected groups. - Rewiring existing links
- increase efficiency or improve performance based on certain goals.
- connect individuals with different attributes
- optimal networks are those with short average distance between nodes and a high degree of clustering
What factors play a role in choosing the right network intervention? (Valente, 2012)
- Network structure
- advice networks: experts and people with credible sources of information, they have considerable technical knowledge about the idea of product.
- discussion networks: relationships are high in trust, mutual understanding and interpersonal affect in which communication and persuasion flow easily. - Geographic distance
- Characteristics of the behavior (increase in value as more people adopt)
- Prevalence
- high levels of prevalence network interventions can be used to find individuals who have not yet adopted behavior in question.
- low prevalence network intervention can identify whether early users are leaders and are thus well positioned to accelerate behavior spread. - Perceived political support or acceptability of the behavior.
What are the six steps of the intervention mapping process? (Kok et al., 2016)
- Conduct a needs assessment or problem analysis by identifying what needs to be changed and for whom.
- Crate matrices of change objectives by combining (sub)behaviors with behavioral determinants to identify which beliefs should be targeted by the intervention.
- Select theory-based intervention methods that match the determinants into which the identified beliefs aggregate and translate these into practical applications.
- Integrate the practical applications into an organized program.
- Plan for adoption, implementation and sustainability of the program real-life contexts by identifying program users and supporters and determining what their needs are sand how these should be fulfilled.
- Generate an evaluation plan to conduct effect and proces evaluations to measure program effectiveness.
What is meant by determinants? (Kok et al., 2016)
Causes/things to udnderstand the behavior.
Lowest level: individual thoughts, emotions etc.
Aggregate level: similar related thoughts, attitudes.
Determinants are defined commonly, they cannot be targeted directly.
What is validity? (Tengstedt et al., 2018)
How likely an approximation of causal relation is to be true or false.
What are the results of the literature review of Tengstedt et al. (2018)?
There are challenges when it comes to validity in health intervention studies on social media. Especially with surveys and interviews; participants can over-and under-report, misunderstand questions, have subjective perceptions, etc. -> hard to generalize. However, knowledge of the interventions can help researchers to improve further interventions.
What is meant by the statistical conclusion? (Tengstedt et al., 2018)
The chances of making two types of mistakes.
- To conclude that an intervention has an effect when it does not.
- To conclude that the intervention has no effect when it does.
What is internal validity? (Tengstedt et al., 2018)
Cause and effect
What is meant by constructed validity? (Tengstedt et al., 2018)
Confounding, constructing of the study and an operation representing a cause or effect.
What is meant with external validity? (Tengstedt, 2018)
Whether the relationship between the variables can be generalized to other people, time perspective and settings.
What is the definition of social media? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
A group of internet-based applications that build in the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user generated content.
What is meant by media-related? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
How close social media can come to face-to-face communication and how well they reduce ambiguity and uncertainty.
What is meant by social dimension? (Moorhead et al, 2013)
Individuals interaction have the purpose of trying to control others impression of themselves.
What is the difference in functions between social media and social networking? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
Social media functions as a communication channel that delivers a message, which involves asking for something.
Social networking is two-way and direct communication that includes sharing of information between several parties.
What are the 7 points of the social media framework? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
- Identity: the extent to which users reveal themselves.
- Conversations: the extent to which users communicate with each other.
- Sharing: the extent to which users exchange, distribute and receive content.
- Presence; the extent to which users know if others are available.
- Relationships: the extent to which users know the social standing of others and content.
- Reputation: the extent to which users know the social standing of others and content.
- Groups: the extent to which users are ordered or form communities.
What where the characteristics of the users accessing social media for health communication? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
- Age between 11-34 years
- More females
- Lower-income households
What are the uses of social media for health communication? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
- Provide answers
- Information presented in different ways; texts, videos, audio
- Facilitate dialogue
- Share experiences
- Education
What are the benefits of social media for health communication? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
- Increase the number of interactions (more available, shared and tailored information as users create and share information)
- Access tailored resources
- Widen access to those who may not easily access health information otherwise (low cost)
- Provide support
- Monitor public response to health issues, identify misinformation, monitor disease outbreak
What were the limitations? (Moorhead et al., 2013)
- Quality concerns, lack of reliability of the health information.
- Privacy and confidentially, data security.
- Potential information overload
- Adverse health consequences (such as pro-smoking)
What is the definition of affordances? (Gaver, 1991)
Properties of the world defined with respect to people’s interaction with it. They exist whether the perceived cares about them or not, whether they’re perceived or not.
