1
Q
Psychology being investigated in Dement and Kleitman?
A
Sleep, dreams and ultrarian rhythms
2
Q
Research methods in Dement and Kleitman?
A
Experiment and correlation
3
Q
EEG and EOG stand for
A
electroencephalography and electrooculography
4
Q
Techniques used in Dement and Kleitman?
A
electroencephalography and electrooculography + interviews
5
Q
Sample in Dement and Kleitman?
A
9 adults (7 males; 2 females) + 5 were studied intensively, University of Chicago (USA)
6
Q
Sampling technique in dement and kleitman?
A
Opportunity
7
Q
how many nights did the participants in dement and kleitman stay?
A
between 6 and 17
8
Q
what were the participants in dement and kleitman woken up by?
A
doorbell
9
Q
what were 4 aims of dement and kleitman?
A
- to see if dream recall occurs during REM or nREM sleep
- to see if there is link b/w estimate of dream length and length of REM period
- to see if pattern of eye movement is related to dream content
- to see if positive correlation b/w length of REM and no. of words in a dream narrative
10
Q
how many minutes later participants woken up in dement and kleitman?
A
5 or 15 minutes into REM sleep
11
Q
dream recall percentage (dement and kleitman) in REM vs nREM sleep?
A
80% REM, 7% nREM
12
Q
accuracy of estimations of dream duration? (dement and kleitman)
A
88% accuracy for 5 minutes, 78% accuracy for 15 minutes
13
Q
how were participants woken up regarding eye movement pattern (dement and kleitman)?
A
after a single eye movement pattern had occured for longer than 1 minute
14
Q
4 eye movements in dement and kleitman and their related content?
A
- vertical (watching cliff climbers)
- horizontal (watching people throw tomatoes)
- little eye movement (driving)
- mixed (searching for something)
15
Q
correlation b/w dream narration words and REM length?
A
+0.58
16
Q
how many sleep stages are there
A
5 (1-4 are nREM and 5th is REM)
17
Q
a full cycle of sleep stages lasts?
A
90 minutes
18
Q
Psychology being investigated in Hassett et al?
A
Sex differences, socialisation, play, role of hormones
19
Q
Research method Hassett et al?
A
Field experiment
20
Q
IV and DV in Hassett et al?
A
IV - sex of monkeys
DV - toy preference
21
Q
Technique used in Hassett et al?
A
Covert, non participant, structured, controlled OBSERVATIONS
22
Q
Experimental design in Hassett et al?
A
Independent measures
23
Q
Sample description Hassett et al?
A
Total 135 monkeys > 34 included in analysis > 23 females + 11 males (Yerkes national primate research centre field station in USA)
24
Q
aims in Hassett et al?
A
- to test if sex differences in children’s toy preferences stem from biological factors
- to investigate if male and female rhesus monkeys have similar toy preferences to human infants
25
what does CAH stand for in Hassett et al?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
26
what do girls with CAH show a preference for?
stereotypically male toys
27
how long had the monkeys in Hassett et al been living in the centre for?
25 years
28
how many trials completed in Hassett et al?
seven
29
how was social rank determined in hassett et al?
grooming behaviour. the monkey being groomed has a higher social rank than the monkey performing the grooming behaviour
30
how many monkeys Hassett et al were babies and excluded from the study? why were they excluded
39 babies (less than 3 months old) were excluded as it was difficult to tell them apart, not possible to know what sex they were (i.e. male or female)
31
How many monkeys in Hassett et al has previously taken part in a research? what research was it?
14 monkeys had previously taken part in research on prenatal hormones
32
how many times did the monkeys have to interact with toys (minimum) to be included in the study? Hassett et al
more than 5
33
how many minutes did each observation last in Hassett et al?
25 minutes
34
two types of toys in Hassett et al?
wheeled and plush
35
how far away were the toys positioned in Hassett et al?
10 metres apart
36
how were positions counterbalanced in Hassett et al regarding the toys?
wheeled on right, plush on left (half the trials) and plush right, wheeled left (other half)
37
what were 3 wheeled toys and 3 plush toys in Hassett et al?
wheeled: wagon, truck, car
plush: koala, teddy, winnie the pooh
38
technology used in Hassett et al?
video camera positioned on each toy so behaviours could be recorded. two observers watched the videos and used a behavioural checklist. an app called handobs was used to record data using palm pilots. each interaction duration was recorded in seconds.
39
5 checklist behaviours in Hassett et al?
briefly touching, extended touching, sniffing, holding, sitting on, dragging, carrying, destroying, throwing them
40
what 3 things were recorded of the monkeys in Hassett et al?
age + rank + sex
41
result for male monkeys toy preference in Hassett et al?
male monkeys preferred wheeled toys (mean = 9.77) more than plush (mean = 2.06). 73% males preferred wheeled toys, 9% plush, and 18% showed no significant preference. no effect of age and rank on this result
42
result for female monkeys toy preference in Hassett et al?
female monkeys showed no consistent preference. plush toys (mean 7.97) and wheeled toys (mean 6.96) was a slight difference, but not that significant
43
results for duration of toy interactions in hassett et al?
females played with wheeled toys for a shorter duration than males (1.27 minutes vs. 4.76 minutes). females played for longer with the plush toys compared to males (1.49 minutes vs 0.53 minutes). no significant difference regarding females' duration playing with wheeled vs plush (1.27 min wheeled and 1.49 min plush)
44
results for social rank and toy preference in hassett et al.?
overall strong positive correlation between social rank and frequency of interaction with both types of toys. in females, high rank = more time interacting with plush, but not true for wheeled
45
psychology being investigated in holzel et al?
mindfulness, localisation of function
46
research method in holzel et al?
longitudinal experiment and correlation
47
experimental design in holzel et al?
independent measures
48
sample description in holzel et al?
33 healthy adults, right-handed, 25-55 years old, recruited from 4 MBSR courses at centre of mindfulness (new england, USA). either self referred or recommended by physician due to stress. 6 males + 10 females = control group whereas 11 males + 6 females to waitlist control group
49
sampling type in holzel et al?
opportunity
50
what is meant by mindfulness?
it is a stress-reduction technique that develops awareness of the present moment + encourages compassionate, non-judgemental attitudes
51
what is meant by localisation of function?
the idea that specific brain structures are responsible for specific processes
52
what were the aims in holzel et al?
1. to identify if regular participation in MBSR (mindfulness-based stress reduction) leads to measurable neurological changes, might be associated with traits related to mindfulness practice
2. to identify brain structures which changed as a result of an 8-week MBSR programme
53
correlation between which two things was studied in holzel et al?
time spent on mindfulness exercises + increase in grey matter concentration
54
causal relationship between which two things was studied in holzel et al?
MBSR and grey matter concentration in various brain structures
55
IVs in holzel et al?
whether the participants received MBSR or not + whether the data was collected at the end or beginning of the 8-week study period
56
DVs in holzel et al?
grey matter concentration in specific brain structures (like hippocampi and insulae) and throughout the brain + five facets of mindfulness measured using five facets of mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) + time spent on mindfulness exercises between weekly sessions
57
study spanned over total of how many weeks in holzel et al?
12 weeks
58
independent measures design in holzel et al had which two groups?
- experimental group with weekly MBSR sessions
- waitlist control group who had problems with stress but did not receive MBSR
59
how were participants thanked in holzel et al?
usual course fee reduced for all participants
60
how much meditation experience did participants have in holzel et al?
limited, no classes in last 6 months, no more than 4 classes in past 5 years and no more than 10 classes in their lifetime
61
when were MRI scans of the brain taken before the study in holzel et al?
2 weeks before the experimental group's first MBSR session
62
how were brain models constructed and analysed in holzel et al?
3D digital models created by taking pictures of 128 sagittal slices and combining them using software + analysed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to measure concentration of grey matter in bilateral hippocampi and insulae + brain as a whole
63
how many hours did the experimental group engage in MBSR (holzel et al) with what standard deviation?
average of 22.6 hours with an SD of 6.3 hours
64
what were grey matter changes at the end of study in holzel et al?
MBSR group experienced significant increase in grey matter concentration in their left hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction and cerebellum compared with the control group.
65
result of correlation in holzel et al?
no correlation between time spent on mindfulness exercises + grey matter concentration/changes in FFMQ
66
Which aspects of FFMQ changed in holzel et al, and which didn't?
changed: acting with awareness, observing, non judging
did not change: describing, non-reactivity
67
psychology being investigated in andrade?
attention, memory, doodling
68
research method in andrade?
lab experiment
69
IV in andrade?
doodling/not doodling
70
experimental design in andrade?
independent measures
71
sample in andrade?
40 participants (35 females, 5 males), 18-55 years old, MRC applied psychology unit participant panel (UK)
72
sampling type in andrade?
opportunity
73
meaning of attention?
concentration of mental effort on sensory/mental events. due to limited cognitive capacity, attention is selective
74
meaning of memory?
encoding, storage and retrieval of information.
75
what is incidental memory?
information that we do not focus on but can recall, information remembered unintentionally
76
what is a doodle?
a drawing, sketch or pattern created to pass time than for any particular purpose
77
aims of andrade?
1. to investigate whether doodling improves our ability to pay attention to/concentrate on auditory information
2. to investigate whether doodling affects later recall of auditory information
78
DVs in andrade?
- monitoring accuracy (correct names out of 8)
- memory for monitored information (correct names minus false alarms)
- memory for incidental information (number of correct places remembered out of 8)
79
what were particiapnts given in andrade as thank you?
a small fee
80
what was the tape recording in andrade?
a 2.5 minute mock message about a birthday party. flat tone of 227 words per minute. 8 people who could come to the party. 3 people and 1 cat who could not come. 8 places. lots of other irrelevant info
81
what were the doodling sheets like in andrade?
a4 sheets. alternating rows of 10 squares + 10 circles approx 1 cm in diameter. 4.5 cm margin on left side of paper.
82
how was memory test counterbalanced in andrade?
half participants asked to recall places first, then names. other half asked to recall names first, then places
83
monitoring accuracy score in andrade?
7.8 for doodlers and 7.1 for control group
84
monitoring performance scores in andrade?
7.7 for doodlers and 6.9 for control group
85
incidental info score in andrade?
2.4 for doodlers and 1.8 for control
86
total recall scores in andrade?
7.5 for doodlers and 5.8 for control. doodlers = 29% higher
87
Psychology 9990
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