What are the three major areas of qualitative abnormalities in children with autism according to DSM-IV and ICD-10?
- Reciprocal social interaction
- Communication (verbal and non-verbal)
- Restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior
What does “reciprocal social interaction” refer to in the context of autism?
It refers to the ability to engage in social relationships and interactions.The ability to engage in back-and-forth interactions and responding to social cues.
What are “restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior” in children with autism?
repetitive movements, insistence on sameness, or intense focus on unusual interests.
What are the types of Autism Spectrum Disorders recognized in DSM-IV and ICD-10?
- Autism
- Atypical Autism
- Rett Syndrome
- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
- Asperger Syndrome
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
In DSM IV, what are the three criteria for autism ?
- Social Impairment
- Speech/Communication Deficits and Language Delay
- Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors & Interests
How is Autism represented in the DSM IV classification?
Autism is represented as an overlapping condition among the three categories of developmental issues.
What are the two main criteria included in the DSM 5 for Autism Spectrum Disorders?
- Social Communication and Interaction
- Restricted & Fixated Interests
What are the specifiers used in the DSM-5 for Autism Spectrum Disorders?
- Severity (3 clinical levels)
- Expressive language level
- others :
* ID , language impairment
* Associated with known medical/genetic condition
* Associated with another neurodevelopmental, mental or behavioural disorder
* With catatonia
What associated features are considered in the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Associated features include intellectual ability and genetic syndromes.
What are some examples of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Examples include :
* stereotyped movements
* insistence on sameness
* highly restricted interests
In which contect must the social communication impairments occur for a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
The impairments must occur across multiple contexts, such as at home, school, and in social settings.
What are the three main areas of social communication deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Socio-emotional reciprocity
- Non-verbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction
- Developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
What is meant by “socio-emotional reciprocity” in the context of ASD?
The ability to engage in back-and-forth interactions, sharing emotions and interests, and responding appropriately to social cues.
Which behaviours fall under the category for restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour in ASD
- Stereotyped or repetitive
movements, use of
objects, or speech - Insistence on sameness,
inflexible adherence to
routines, or ritualized
patterns of verbal or non-verbal behaviour - Highly restricted, fixated interests
- Sensory hyper/hypo-reactivity
How many of the restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior must one have for the diagnosis of ASD?
two
What does sensory hyper/hypo-reactivity refer to in the context of ASD?
unusual responses to sensory input, such as being overly sensitive to sounds or textures (hyper-reactivity) or showing indifference to pain or temperature (hypo-reactivity)
What are the deficits in social-emotional reciprocity in ASD?
- Abnormal social approach
- Lack of two-and-fro conversation
- Reduced sharing of interests, emotions, affect
- Failure to initiate or respond to social interactions (interest in children, response to children/peers)
What are the deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction?
- Poorly integrated verbal and non-verbal communication
2.Failure to use eye gaze and body language, facial expressions to regulate social interaction.
3.Difficulties in understanding and use of gestures
Which gestures does an individual with ASD find difficult to understand and use?
- pointing to express interest
- nodding, head shaking * conventional/instrumental gestures, descriptive/emphatic gestures
What are the deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships in ASD?
- Difficulty adjusting behavior to different contexts
- Difficulty in sharing of imaginative play (spontaneous imitation of action, imaginative play, social play, group play)
- Absence of interest in peers
Give example of how someone with ASD could find it difficult adjusting behavior to different contexts
- Asking inappropriate questions
- making inappropriate facial expressions
What behaviours fall under the the catagory for “Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech”
- Hand and finger mannerisms
- Lining up toys, flipping objects (repetitive use of objects, interest in parts of objects)
- Echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases
What is meant by insistence on sameness in ASD?
- Extreme distress at small changes, difficulty with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food
- (Minor changes in routine, minor changes in environment, concrete thinking, verbal rituals, inflexibility in behavior or play)
What are characteristics of highly restricted, fixated interests in ASD?
- Strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects
- Excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests
