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Question 1

consistent means to classify, name (nomenclature), and identify organism.

Answer 1

TAXONOMY

Question 2

DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS and SPECIES

Answer 2

Hierarchical system of classification

Question 3

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 3

Carl Linnaeus

Question 4

generic name and begin with capital letter.

Answer 4

GENUS name

Question 5

specific name and begin with small letter.

Answer 5

SPECIES name

Question 6

single-celled organisms (prokaryotes) that belongs to Domain Bacteria.

Answer 6

Bacteria (Bacterium if singular)

Question 7

is the largest bacteria 0.75mm it shines white because of internal sulfur

Answer 7

THIOMARGARITA NAMIBIENSIS

Question 8

Bacteria can be classified based on their shaped: coccus/cocci

Answer 8

Spherical

Question 9

Bacteria can be classified based on their shaped: bacillus/ bacilli

Answer 9

Rod – Shaped

Question 10

Bacteria can be classified based on their shaped: others

Answer 10

Spiral – shaped

Question 11

single cells

Answer 11

Coccus

Question 12

in pairs; spherical, flattened, elongated, or bean-shaped

Answer 12

Diplococci

Question 12

long chains; immotile and gram-positive; present in family streptococcaceae

Answer 12

Streptococci

Question 13

four cells; divide into 2 planes

Answer 13

Tetrad

Question 13

eight cells; divide in perpendicular plane; strict anaerobe

Answer 13

Sarcina

Question 14

single cells; endospores; anaerobes

Answer 14

BACILLUS

Question 14

grape-like clusters; cell divides in both the planes; immotile and gram-positive

Answer 14

Staphylococci

Question 14

resemble both as cocci and bacilli; shorter and stumpy

Answer 14

Coccabacilli

Question 15

comma

Answer 15

Vibrio

Question 15

– in pairs; after cell division, the 2 cells do not divide and grow in attached arrangement

Answer 15

Diplobacilli

Question 15

– chains; cell divides in single chain

Answer 15

Streptobacilli

Question 16

spiral bacteria having helical shape; flexible

Answer 16

Spirochetes

Question 16

picket structure

Answer 16

Pallisades

Question 17

thick; purple; pentapeptide; tetrapeptide

Answer 17

b. Gram-positive bacteria

Question 17

same with spirochetes but more rigid; lack endoflagella

Answer 17

Spirilla

Question 17

thin peptidoglycan cell walls; light red or pink; direct link

Answer 17

a. Gram-negative bacteria

Question 18

bacteria can’t be stained; species of mycoplasma, chlamydia and rickettsia

Answer 18

c. Atypical

Question 18

GRAM STAINING was developed by

Answer 18

HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM

Question 19

categorizes bacteria acc. to their Gram character; allows determination of cell morphology, size and arrangement

Answer 19

Gram staining

Question 20

outer layer enclosing the cytoplasm:

Answer 20

1. Cell envelope

Question 21

prevent the cell from expanding & bursting due to water uptake; encloses the protoplasm

Answer 21

a. Cell wall

Question 22

present immediately beneath the cell wall/ inner surface of cell wall and separating it from cytoplasm

Answer 22

b. Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane –

Question 23

sugar coat; thick outer covering of the plasma membrane

Answer 23

* Glycocalyx

Question 24

consist of polysaccharide molecules with the cell wall; thicker than slime layer; acts as virulence to evade phagocytosis.

Answer 24

a. Capsule

Question 25

– glycoproteins molecules; thin glycocalyx layer; aids in the adherence; protects the cell from dehydration and nutrient loss

Answer 25

b. Slime layer

Question 26

flagella, pili, fimbriae

Answer 26

* Filamentous appendages

Question 27

for motility present in swimming and swarming bacteria; long hair like helical filaments;

Answer 27

a. Flagella

Question 28

longer, thicker and fewer in number than fimbriae; long conjugation or sex pili – aid in bacterial conjugation – transfers genetic material to another contact

Answer 28

b. Pili

Question 29

threads or fibers; tiny bristle – shorter and thinner than long conjugation pili; attaches the bacterium to surface

Answer 29

c. Fimbriae

Question 30

containing variety of organic and inorganic solutes containing 80% h2o and 20% salts and proteins; rich in ribosomes, DNA & fluid; site for cell’s biochemical and synthetic activities

Answer 30

3. Cytoplasm

Question 31

protein synthesis; smaller than the ribosomes of eukaryotic cell

Answer 31

4. Ribosomes

Question 32

vesicular tubules formed by invagination of plasma membrane into cytoplasm; principal sites of respiratory enzyme

Answer 32

5. Mesosome

Question 33

most bacteria have single large circular chromosome, but this is not universal. Many species have multiple chromosomes, other species have linear chromosomes.it is located in a nucleoid and many bacteria contain extra-chromosomal elements such as plasmids.

Answer 33

6. Bacterial Chromosome

Question 34

has ability to absorb excess of nutrients in the environment and they are the storage reserve for granule, phosphates and other substances. Can take the form of granules, crystals or globules, some are amorphous.

Answer 34

7. Cytoplasmic inclusions

Question 35

spores” (simplified forms of bacteria) consisting of the DNA genome. Virtually immortal and can be re-activated after lying dormant for hundreds or perhaps millions of years. It can be nearly impossible to prevent infections caused by pathogenic species of class bacilli and class clostridia.

Answer 35

BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE

Question 36

from the active vegetative cell to release and germination.

Answer 36

Sporulation cycle

Question 37

unicellular organisms. It is extremophiles.

Answer 37

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Question 38

is an organism that thrives in extreme conditions.

Answer 38

Extremophile

Question 39

composed of ether linkages with branched isoprene chains

Answer 39

a. Archaeal cell membrane

Question 40

- lack peptidoglycan, some contain pseudopeptidoglycan or pseudomurein.

Answer 40

b. Archaeal cell walls

Question 41

Living functions of the archaeon is in the _______ and where the DNA is located and exists as a single loop called a plasmid

Answer 41

cytoplasm

Question 42

how many flagella does it have?

Answer 42

1 or more

Question 43

used for attachment to surfaces

Answer 43

4. Pili

Question 44

unique archaean structure; discovered in marine archaeal strain; hollow tube like structures; means of anchoring a community of cells to a surface

Answer 44

7. Cannulae

Question 45

unique to archaea; long helical tube with 3 hooks; allow cells to attach both to one another and to surface.

Answer 45

8. Hami or (hamus) if singular structure