1
Q
What broader conflict was the korean war part of
A
The cold war
2
Q
What is capitalism
A
is an economic system where private individuals or businesses own land, factories, and tools, rather than the government
3
Q
What is communism
A
a political and economic ideology aiming for a classless, stateless society where all property and resources are publicly owned rather than privately owned
4
Q
What is nationalism
A
loyalty and devotion to a nation
5
Q
Who were Korea ruled by before WW1
A
Japan
6
Q
Who liberated the north of korea
A
USSR
7
Q
Who liberated the south of korea
A
America
8
Q
Where was korea split
A
Along the 38th parallel
9
Q
Who was the leader of north korea
A
Kim il sung
10
Q
Who was the leader of south korea
A
Syngman Rhee
11
Q
How did Stalin support Kim il sung
A
Gave him tanks, weapons and equipment for his army
12
Q
How did Kim il sung gain the favour of the poor peasants in North Korea
A
Stripped land away from the rich landowners and gave it to the poorer people
13
Q
What made syngman rhee unpopular
A
Suppressed free speech ad opposition, manipulated the elections, corruption
14
Q
When did North Korea invade South Korea
A
25th June 1950
15
Q
Reasons for the North Korean invasion
A
The USA was withdrawing troops from Korea, The Chinese civil war ended in communist victory, the USSR acquired the atomic bomb which made them feel like they could stand up to the USA, wanted to reunite Korea under communism, the North Koreans had a much stronger army
16
Q
How many days did it take to capture Seoul
A
3 days
17
Q
What key reasons caused the Korean war
A
Cold war, US containment policy, Division of Korea, Different governments in korea, China turning communist, Outside interference from other countries
18
Q
What was the Truman doctorine
A
A policy that says that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces (communism).
19
Q
What ideology did both kim il sung and syngman rhee believe in
A
Nationalism
20
Q
How did the USA help South Korea
A
Warships, advisers and supplies
21
Q
What was the domino theory
A
The Domino Theory said that if one country fell under communist influence, the surrounding nations in that region would also fall - like a line of dominos.
22
Q
How did china cause the Korean civil war
A
When China fell to communism, it made America fear the domino theory and they didn’t want any other countries in Asia to fall to communism, therefore they tried to prevent it in korea
23
Q
How many soldiers were in the initial invasion of south korea
A
75000
24
Q
Why wasn’t the UN opposed when deciding to defend south korea
A
The USSR refused to take part in he UN meaning they couldn’t stop the UN’s decision
25
Why did the USSR refuse to join the UN
The UN blocked communist china from joining and supported the capitalist leader of Taiwan
26
Why did the UN side with america
America was extemely rich and powerful, and the UN either feared/ needed the USA
27
Who led the US army in the korean war
General McArthur
28
What Happened at Inchon September 1950
The Inchon Landing was a surprise attack by UN forces against the North Korean army.
29
When was the Inchon Landing?
The Inchon Landing started on 15th September and ended 4 days later, on 19th September, 1950.
30
Who was involved in the Inchon Landing?
The Inchon Landing involved 75,000 troops and 261 naval vessels. The operation was planned and led by General Douglas MacArthur.
31
Where did the Inchon Landing happen?
The surprise amphibious invasion launched from the sea at the port of Inchon on South Korea's west coast, 40 kilometres from Seoul, the capital city.
32
Why was the Inchon Landing carried out?
to recapture Seoul and drive the North Korean troops back behind the 38th parallel.
33
What were the results of the Inchon Landing?
As a result of the Inchon Landing, UN forces managed to recapture Seoul and drove the North Korean troops back behind the 38th parallel.
34
Why did China get involved in the korean war
China wanted North Korea communist as a buffer between themselves and capitalism, The USA had broken its promise not to cross the 38th parallel, so China was concerned troops would continue advancing north and cross the Yalu river, encouragement from stalin
35
What was the impact of China's intervention in the Korean War?
China's intervention had a negative impact on the UN's campaign in North Korea. The UN had successfully driven North Korean troops out of South Korea and almost destroyed Kim II-Sung's army. However, China turned the tide of the war, and now UN troops had to retreat.
36
What was Truman’s response to China joining the war
Truman was concerned about China's entry and felt containment and successfully defending South Korea was a satisfactory outcome. He believed a war with China would bring Stalin into the conflict, which could ultimately lead to the use of nuclear weapons.
37
What was general McArthurs response to China joining the war
Even though Truman told him not to, he sent UN troops back into North Korea which led to China joining the war. He wanted a united Korea under capitalism and wanted China to surrender. He believed the USA should use the nuclear bomb if it was necessary.
38
What were the results of China's intervention in the Korean War?
President Truman sacked General MacArthur, Truman wanted to limit the scale of the war, By March 1951 the Chinese advance had been halted, and UN forces recaptured Seoul, It came to a stalemate
39
What was the significance of China's intervention in the Korean War?
China's intervention in the Korean War was significant as their actions drove back UN forces and led to a stalemate. Their entry also widened the scope of the Cold War in Asia, involving China in a more significant way.
40
Why was General Douglas MacArthur sacked during the Korean War?
MacArthur was sacked because he disobeyed direct orders, There was real concern he might trigger a nuclear war, Some people felt he deliberately provoked China into entering the war by ignoring warnings against advancing into North Korea, He also repeatedly expressed a willingness to use nuclear weapons.
41
Who took over General Douglas MacArthur's role in the Korean War?
General MacArthur was replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway.
42
What was the public reaction to General Douglas MacArthur being sacked during the Korean War?
MacArthur was popular in America and his sacking was condemned by the public. He received a hero's welcome on his return home.
43
What was the significance of General Douglas MacArthur's role during the Korean War?
He led the Inchon landing which turned the tide of the war, His actions led to China's involvement, He was sacked by President Truman, His attitude regarding nuclear warfare was heavily criticised
44
What was the UN campaign in North Korea?
After pushing Kim II-sung's forces back into North Korea above the 38th parallel, the UN allowed its own soldiers to cross the border, driving the North Koreans further north.
45
What were the features of the stalemate
Little movement on front lines, neither side could make major gains, settled roughly at the 38th parallel,high casualties but few results, both armies exhausted
46
What is an armistace
A formal, negotiated agreement between warring parties to stop active fighting in a conflict
47
When was the armistace
27th of July 1953
48
What were the terms of he armistace
A ceasefire agreement- the fighting stopped but no peace treaty ( countries still technically at war), a demilitarised zone between countries, prisoners of war were allowed to choose where to go
49
When and where did the peace talks begin
July 1951 in kaesong
50
What were the main disagreements during the peace talks?
Prisoners of war, location of border, changing of leadership
51
What were the consequences for the UN from the korean war
Gained respect for taking action, showed they would act against aggression but made it seem like they were dependent on. The USA
52
What were the consequences for the USA from the korean war
Lost 3,000 troops, increased its defence from $12billion to $60 billion, successfully stopped communism from spreading to south korea
53
What were the consequences for China from the korean war
Suffered huge casualties (around half a million), developed a closer relationship with USSR, gained respect of other Asian communist countries, secured North Korea as a buffer state, worsened the relationship with the US
54
What were the consequences for Korea from the korean war
1.3 million casualties, the country’s industry and agriculture was destroyed, neither side united korea, families split between north and south korea
55
What was dien bien phu
A 57-day siege where communist Viet Minh forces defeated the French, ending French colonial rule in Indochina
56
Why did Dien Bien Phu happen
The Vietnamese wanted to fight for independence from the french after WW1
57
What were the consequences of Dien Bien Phu
End of the french rule in Indochina, divided Vietnam, increase of Us involvement, set the stage or a new conflict
58
What happened during Dien Bien Phu
The vietnameese surrounded the french at a valley called Dien Bien Phu where they set up a large fortified base
59
When did Dien Bien Phu happen
March 1954
60
When was the Geneva Agreement
26 April 1954
61
What was the geneva agreement
The 1954 Geneva Agreements were a set of documents signed on July 21, 1954, that ended the First Indochina War, dividing Vietnam temporarily at the 17th parallel into a communist North and a non-communist South
62
Why did the Geneva Agreement of 1954 happen
To decide Vietnam’s future after Dien Bien Phu
63
What were some of the countries included in the Geneva agreement
France, USA, The Viet Minh, USSR, China and Britain
64
What were the key terms of the geneva agreement
Temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th Parallel, french withdrew from the north, viet minh withdrew from the south, national election scheduled for 1956 to reunite vietnam
65
What were the consequences of the geneva agreement
Vietnam was divided, increase in the USA’s involvement (USA refused to sign but claimed they woouldn’t desiturb the agreement), tensions grew between north and south, set the stage for the Vietnam war
66
How did laos and cambodia benefit from the geneva agreement
They were recognised as independent countries
67
Where was vietnam split
The 17th parallel
68
Who was Ngi Dinh Diem
The capitalist leader of south vietnam
69
Why did the USA support Diem
Saw him as a barrier to communism
70
Why was Diem unpopular in south vietnam
Corruption, nepotism, he treated Buddhists unfairly, harsh rule
71
Why was Diem unfair to Buddhists
Because h was a strict catholic
72
How did diem treat Buddhists unfairly
Wouldn’t allow them to fly religious flags,
73
How did the Buddhists protest
They set themselves on fire ( self immolation)
74
Who were the vietcong
a communist-led guerrilla force in South Vietnam, formed in 1960 to overthrow the U.S.-backed government of Ngo Dinh Diem and reunite Vietnam
75
What tactics were used by the vietcong
Guerrilla warfare
76
Who were the members of the vietcong
Many were south Vietnamese who disliked diem and wanted him overthrown
77
When was the civil war in south vietnam
1959-1863
78
What did the vietcong promise
Land reform, fair treatment, end to corruption
79
How did Diem anger farmers and the peasants
He reversed land reforms that helped peasants, many farmers lost land to wealthy land owners
80
What was the start of the south vietnam civil war
The Vietcong launched coordinated attacks across south vietnam with the north vietnam supplying them wih weapons
81
What was the civil war in South Vietnam?
In 1957, after growing opposition to Diem's government in South Vietnam, people left their homes and moved into the jungle to form armed resistance groups.
82
83
When did the civil war in South Vietnam happen?
The civil war in South Vietnam broke out in 1957, and ended with the murder of Diem in November 1963.
84
Where did the civil war in South Vietnam happen?
The civil war was fought across South Vietnam, with much of the fighting taking place in the jungle.
85
What was the ho chi minh trail
Supply lines for the National Liberation Front (NLF) that ran along the borders of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
86
Why was there a civil war in South Vietnam?
The civil war broke out as an attempt to overthrow Diem's regime, due to its brutality and corruption. Many South Vietnamese people saw the government as cruel.
87
How did the First Lady of Vietnam- Madame Nhu- react to the Buddhists setting themselves on fire
She celebrated and called it barbecue
88
Who was involved in the civil war in South Vietnam?
The civil war in South Vietnam was fought between Diem and the ARVN (South Vietnamese Army), supported by the USA, against the National Liberation Front, which was funded by Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam.
89
How did the USA support Diem
Gave the ARVN weapins, fighter jets and helicopters, 1.6 billion in financial aid, sent advisors to train soldiers, used propaganda against communism
90
How did the civil war in South Vietnam end?
By 1961 the USA realised how unpopular Diem was, and withdrew its support. With no protection, Diem was captured by ARVN generals on 1st November, 1963, and shot the next day.
91
What were the aims of the vietcong
Unite vietnam under communism, remove US influence from vietnam, overthrow the south Vietnamese government, redistribute land to the peasants, end corruption and inequality in the south
92
Who was ho chi minh
Ho Chi Minh was the communist leader of North Vietnam ,he founded the Vietminh, established the Vietcong, and developed the Ho Chi Minh Trail supply route.
93
When was Ho Chi Minh leader of North Vietnma
1945–1969
94
What was Ho chi Minh’s nickname
Uncle Ho
95
When was the Vietcong established?
20th December, 1960.
96
Who was the leader of the Vietcong?
The leader of the Vietcong was Hua Tho. Although he was non-communist, so were many members of the organisation.
97
What was Ho Chi Minh's involvement with the Vietcong?
Ho Chi Minh advisor's report convinced Ho Chi Minh that he needed to help resistance fighters in the south if they were to be successful. He persuaded different armed groups who opposed Diem to come together in one organisation - the National Liberation Front
98
What were the vietcong also known as
The national liberation front
99
What were the vietcong also known as
The national liberation fromt
100
What specific tactics did the vietcong use
Traps, hit + run attacks ,blending in with civilians , tunnel systems, spread communist propaganda
101
Who supported the vietcong internationally
North Vietnam, China and the USSR.
102
Who were the vietminh
The Vietminh was the anti-Japanese and anti-French force created in the 1940s to drive out foreign colonialists. After the division of Vietnam, its members resided in the north
103
What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail which was used by the Vietcong?
It was a supply route from North to South Vietnam that ran along the Vietnamese border, often through thick jungle,The route went from North Vietnam, through Laos and Cambodia, to South Vietnam
104
What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail used for
It was used to send supplies, troops and weapons to the Vietcong.
105
What is the domino theory
The idea that if one country becomes communist, neighbouring one will follow
106
Who came up with the Domino Theory?
The phrase was first used by US President Eisenhower
107
What was a consequence of the Domino Theory?
President Eisenhower set up the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 to stop the spread of communism
108
What was the impact of the Domino Theory on the USA?
People began to believe Soviet spies living among American people, The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was established, Some filmmakers accused of spreading communist propaganda, Restricted employment for communists and communist organisations had to be registered and investigated, The Red Scare
109
Which American president supported Diem durin g the begining of the war
Dwight Eisenhower
110
Why did eisenhower avoid sending troops to vietnam initially
Didn’t want a repeat of the korean war, didn’t want direct conflict with china and the ussr
111
Who was President Eisenhower?
34th President of the United States.
112
How did Eisenhower aid south vietnam initally
Economic aid, military advice, political support
113
How did Eisenhower respond to the elections agreed to in the geneva convention
He refused the elections and instead supported south vietnam under Diem
114
Who was President Kennedy?
John F Kennedy, commonly referred to as JFK, was the 35th President of the United States
115
When was Kennedy president?
John F Kennedy was president between January 1961 and November 1963
116
What was President Kennedy's involvement in Vietnam?
John F Kennedy was reluctant to commit US troops to Vietnam, instead wanted to send military advisors and financial aid to support the ARVN to fight against communism.
117
Why did Kennedy get involved in Vietnam?
He was very interested in foreign policy, Kennedy was committed to the 'Domino Theory' and policy of containment, Cold War was accelerating, with tensions rising between the USA and the USSR.
118
What were the key things that Kennedy did in Vietnam?
He sent approximately 16,000 military experts to train the ARVN
Kennedy kept the increased US presence in Vietnam a secret
By the end of 1961 the ARVN had increased from 150,000 to 170,000 troops
He sanctioned the coup by the ARVN to remove Diem from power
He sent 300 US helicopter pilots to South Vietnam, under orders not to engage with the enemy
He endorsed the Strategic Hamlet programme in Vietnam.
119
What was the significance of Kennedy's involvement in Vietnam?
Kennedy's involvement in Vietnam was significant as he increased the USA's commitment to the region. Building on Eisenhower's interventions, it would make it very difficult for the next president to scale back.
120
What was the strategic hamlets programme
The Strategic Hamlet Program was a South Vietnamese/US policy to move rural peasants into fortified villages to isolate them from the Vietcong (VC). Led by Ngo Dinh Diem, it aimed to secure rural support and stop VC
121
When was the Strategic Hamlet programme introduced?
March 1962.
122
Why was the Strategic Hamlet programme introduced?
An attempt to 'win the hearts and minds' of the South Vietnamese population, Diem portrayed it as a policy that helped the South Vietnamese people defend themselves against the Vietcong, To stop the Vietcong using peasant villages for food and shelter, Stop the Vietcong from gathering intelligence about the ARVN from the peasants.
123
How did the Strategic Hamlet programme work?
Moved peasants away from their homes to new villages known as 'strategic hamlets'. These were surrounded by ditches and barbed wire. In just one year, two thirds of South Vietnamese people were forced to live in strategic hamlets.
124
How did the USA hope to gain support with the Strategic Hamlet programme
It was hoped measures such as building new schools and hospitals, as part of the Strategic Hamlet programme, would build strong support for Diem.
125
Why did the Strategic Hamlet programme fail?
People were forced to move into them even if they didn't want to.
Lots of villagers believed they should live where ancestors were buried, so the move upset them for religious reasons.
Peasants did not want to have to travel further to reach their rice fields.
Not enough food was provided by the government, which meant some of those in the new hamlets faced starvation.
126
What were the consequences of the Strategic Hamlet programme?
Made people less likely to support Diem.
Membership of the National Liberation Front and the Vietcong increased by 300% in two years.
Its failure led Kennedy to increase the USA's involvement in Vietnam, and he sent more military advisors to support Diem and the ARVN.
127
What was the role of the Strategic Hamlet programme in the Hearts and Minds initiative?
'Hearts and Minds' was an American pacification programme to persuade the South Vietnamese to reject communism. The Strategic Hamlets Programme was one aspect of it.
128
When was John F Kennedy assasinated
November 22nd, 1963
129
Who took over after Kennedy’s assasination
Lyndon B Johnson
130
What was President Johnson's involvement in Vietnam?
He did not want to commit combat troops. However, under Johnson's leadership, the USA's involvement greatly increased and it is often for his role in Vietnam that Johnson is best remembered.
131
Why did President Johnson get involved in Vietnam?
Domino Theory, his advisers wanted him to become more involved, Johnson did not want to be seen as the president that 'lost' Vietnam to communists, Johnson did not want the Democrats to be seen as 'soft on communism'.
132
Why did Johnson's advisers want him to get more involved in Vienam
His advisers didn’t think the ARVN could defeat the Vietcong. However, he believed if North Vietnam was attacked, Ho Chi Minh would stop helping the organisation.
133
What were the key events in Johnson's involvement in Vietnam?
Operation Plan 34A in August 1964.
Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed.
USA launched Operation Rolling Thunder.
By the end of 1965 there were 200,000 US combat troops in Vietnam, increased from 3,500.
By 1967, $30 billion a year was spent on the war in Vietnam.
In October 1967, over 100,000 people protested at Lincoln Memorial in Washington.
Tet Offensive
My Lai Massacre
134
What was the significance of Johnson's involvement in Vietnam?
Hisrole was significant because his policies sent 200,000 US troops to the region.
Johnson's administration, and the president personally, faced mounting criticism from the American public about US involvement in Vietnam. The peace movement grew rapidly.
135
Consequences of Johnson’s approach to he war
Vietnam became a full scale war, Vietnam war became unpopular, Johnson didn’t run for re-eletion
136
What was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?
The Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred when three North Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on the USS Maddox, an American warship.
137
Why did the Gulf of Tonkin Incident happen?
South Vietnamese mercenaries were sent into the north. They were supported by US destroyer naval ships positioned in the Gulf of Tonkin, which were North Vietnamese waters. Ho Chi Minh was unhappy about this and launched the attack.
138
What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?
The USS Maddox was sent to support South Vietnamese mercenaries
Three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox.
The Maddox fired at the torpedo boats, which fired back.
The US jets sank one torpedo ship and damaged the other two.
On 4th August there was confusion over further attacks from North Vietnam. However, it was a false alarm; none had taken place.
Despite the false alarm, Johnson sanctioned an attack on North Vietnam.
139
What was the second Gulf of Tonkin incident?
The second incident was an alleged attack on US warships in North Vietnamese seas. It never took place, but was reported as having taken place by the US government.
140
What happened after the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
President Johnson ordered air strikes against North Vietnam.
141
What was President Johnson's response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
President Johnson ordered a US air strike on targets in North Vietnam. Two US planes were shot down, which was the final move that allowed full American intervention in the Vietnam War.
142
What were the consequences of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
Johnson looked to scale up the USA's involvement in Vietnam. However, he first needed powers to do so, so he asked the US government to pass legislation called the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
143
When was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
7th August, 1964
144
What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
A resolution that gave President Johnson permission to send troops to Vietnam and initiate further attacks on North Vietnam, without gaining permission from Congress or formally declaring war.
145
How did the Vietcong react to the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
North Vietnam increased the number of troops and supplies going to South Vietnam. The Vietcong mounted a successful attack on the US airfield at Pleiku, and won the Battle of Binh Gia.
146
What actions did the USA take after the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
America sent troops to help the South Vietnam government retain power
147
What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?
The Gulf of Tonkin incident was significant because it provided opportunity for the USA to escalate its response in Vietnam. Some historians believe it was just an excuse, and the attacks never happened.
148
What was Operation Rolling Thunder?
Operation Rolling Thunder was a mass bombing campaign on North Vietnam by the USA.
149
When did Operation Rolling Thunder happen?
Operation Rolling Thunder began in February 1965. Although it was only supposed to go on for eight weeks, it lasted three years.
150
Why did Operation Rolling Thunder happen?
US bases in South Vietnam had suffered a number of attacks from the Vietcong, who were growing stronger
The trigger for the operation was the Vietcong attack on the US base, Camp Holloway, which killed 8 American soldiers and injured hundreds more.
A bombing campaign was chosen because the US thought it would cost fewer lives than ground warfare.
151
What was the aim of Operation Rolling Thunder?
The bombing campaign targeted government buildings, with the objective of breaking the North Vietnamese government's morale and an end to its support for the Vietcong.
152
How did the USSR respond to Operation Rolling Thunder?
Operation Rolling Thunder led to a change of Soviet policy over Vietnam. After witnessing the damage caused by US bombs, it started to supply North Vietnam with anti-aircraft missiles so it could fight back.
153
What was the significance of Operation Rolling Thunder?
Operation Rolling Thunder was significant as it was a huge escalation of US involvement in Vietnam.
154
Why did the USA use mass bombing
They couldn’t fight against the guerrilla tactics
the USA believed air power could- break enemy moral, destroy vietcong bases and supply routes, force North Vietnam to withdraw support from the Vietcong
155
Why did the bombing campaign fail
Guerrilla fights were usually in the jungle which limited its effectiveness, North Vietnam had support from ussr and China, Vietcong morale remained strong
156
When did the peace movement in the USA grow?
The anti-war movement began to grow significantly between 1965 and 1967, coinciding with the start of Operation Rolling Thunder and the mass bombings of North Vietnam.
157
Where did the peace movement in the USA grow?
By 1967 there were protests all over America. A famous one in October 1967 saw over 100,000 demonstrators protest at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. It later continued outside the Pentagon, where there were violent clashes between protesters and soldiers.
158
Why did the peace movement in the USA grow?
Some protestors questioned the morality of America's involvement.
The broadcast of images from the war on television had an impact on people's views.
Martin Luther King, the civil rights leader, had an impact on people's views.
There was a lack of progress in President Johnson's 'Great Society' policies.
The war was costing a lot, both financially and in terms of lives lost.
The draft system increased people's opposition to the war.
159
Why did questions over the morality of America's involvement in Vietnam cause a growth in the peace movement in the USA?
People questioned the morality of America's tactics in Vietnam and asked why America was involved in the affairs of another country on a different continent. America was not simply helping South Vietnam defend itself; it had attacked North Vietnam. Many saw this as the action of an aggressor.
160
What was broadcast on television about the Vietnam War, leading to a growth in the peace movement in the USA?
They saw villages being blown up.
They saw the jungle being napalmed.
They heard reports of massacres where civilians were tortured, raped and murdered, such as at My Lai.
They heard of young American soldiers being injured or killed by the barbaric Vietcong booby traps.
They saw mounting numbers of body bags arriving home from the war.
161
Why did the portrayal of the war on television cause a growth in the peace movement in the USA?
The television images of the Vietnam War shocked people, and added weight to questions over the morality of America's involvement in the war. People did not think it was in America's interests to continue.
162
Why did the role of Martin Luther King cause a growth in the peace movement across the USA?
He spoke out about inequalities in the recruitment. Between 1966 and 1969, 246,000 men were recruited to fight in Vietnam; 41% were black Americans, yet they only made up 11 % of America's population. By 1968, black Americans made up 12 % of the army, but 50 % serving on the frontline.
King argued the war was immoral, saying the money spent on fighting in Vietnam should go towards domestic programmes to improve the lives of Americans.
163
Why did pressure on President Johnson to fulfil his election promise of a 'Great Society' lead to a growth in the peace movement?
In 1964, Johnson had campaigned on a programme of improving housing, education, healthcare and employment - the 'Great Society'.
People became frustrated as there was little progress, yet the costs of the war were spiralling. Money earmarked for raising living standards was used to fund the war instead.
164
Why did the cost of the war lead to a growth in the peace movement?
The war was a huge financial burden on the USA.
By 1967 it cost $30 billion per year. This meant other important areas of the economy, such as domestic reform, were neglected.
Families across America were paying a high price in terms of the loved ones they lost. By the end of 1967 there were 500,000 US soldiers in Vietnam, and 40,000 more sent each month. 15,000 troops had lost their lives and 110,000 were wounded.
For those soldiers who were injured, the war cost them their quality of life. Many lost limbs and were wheelchair-bound for the rest of their lives. Many suffered from post-traumatic stress.
165
Why did the draft lead to a growth in the peace movement?
Many young men recruited to fight in Vietnam as a result of the draft resented being forced to fight a war they did not agree with.
166
How did people protest as the peace movement grew in the USA?
A group of university students established 'Students for Democratic Society' and protested through 'teach ins'. They held debates and lectures, and sang songs against the war.
In October 1967, 100,000 people protested at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington.
Veterans of the war established 'Vietnam Veterans Against the War'. They protested by throwing away the medals they had received.
Many young men called up by the draft burned their draft cards very publicly.
Student protests involved over 40,000 students chanting 'Hey, hey, LBJ! How many kids did you kill today?', aimed as a criticism at President Johnson.
167
What was the impact of the growing peace movement on the war in Vietnam?
The personal criticism upset Johnson, so much so he declared that he would not run in the next presidential election in 1968.
The peace movement was a significant factor in the USA's withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1970s, under President Nixon.
168
Why did the students begin protesting
They believed that the war was unjust, the government was lying and young people were being sacrificed
169
How did students protest
Marches and rallies
Sit ins were they refused to leave buildings
Teach ins were they discussed and held debates about the war
Burning the draft cards (which was illegal)
170
When was the kent state shooting
Took place in kent sate university in 1970
171
What was the Kent State Protest?
The Kent State Protest, or Kent State shootings, involved the shooting and killing of unarmed university students who were protesting against the Vietnam War.
172
Why did the Kent State University protest shootings happen?
Protestors were demonstrating at the university against the Vietnam War. This was prompted by Nixon's announcement of the invasion of Cambodia and the need for 150,000 more US troops.
The Ohio state governor had sent in the National Guard to stop the demonstrations that had taken place all weekend. On the Monday, the protests turned violent and events escalated to the shootings.
173
Consequences of the kent state shooting
Roughly 2 million students went on strike across 400 institutions, forcing massive campus closures.
The shootings, viewed as an attack on young citizens, strengthened opposition to the Vietnam War. Five days later, 100,000 protesters demonstrated in Washington D.C..
The incident worsened public opinion of the Vietnam War
Four sudents died and nine were injured
174
How did the Kent State Protest begin?
The Kent State shootings started when National Guardsmen fired their guns into a crowd of student protesters and students. The reasons for the shooting remain unclear.
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What happened to the National Guardsmen that had carried out the shootings at the Kent State University protest?
History
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