ASIS CPP - Physical Security (Part 4)

Question 1

Security Officers - Qualifications

In addition to the mental ability to complete administrative tasks and make judgments, the security officer must also have the physical ability to observe, listen, report, and function in emergencies

Question 2

Security Officers - Qualification

Actions that must be taken before arming any private security officer

Answer 2

1. They must furnish information about all prior employment
2. The employer should make a reasonable effort to verify the last seven years of employment history, and check three personal references
3. They must pass a recognized pre-employment drug-screening test

Question 3

Security Officer - Training

Competency refers to…

Answer 3

An individual’s ability, skills, and qualifications to perform the necessary duties

Question 4

Sec Officer - Training

It is good practice to provide a set number of pre-assignment training hours at the contract agency’s expense

Question 5

Security Officer - Training

The quality of assets protection is a direct function of…?

Answer 5

Local training and local supervision

Question 6

Security Officer - Training

What is directly related to the quality of local supervision and local training?

Answer 6

The quality of the service provided by the contract agency

Question 7

Security Officers - training

Unless officers are properly trained and closely supervised, they may not provide the protection required

Question 8

Security Officer - Training

What determines security officer effectiveness and raises a question of the actual need for the post

Answer 8

Post-Specific Training

Question 9

Security Officer - Training

What should be given as soon as the officer reports for duty? Instruction on specific duties can be given as the duties are assigned

Answer 9

An initial period of general security

Question 10

Security Officer - Training

Two reasons for testing the security operations program

Answer 10

Identify residual risks

Identify necessary changes within the organization

Question 11

Security Officer - Training

The quality of training is directly proportional to the quantity of training

Question 12

Security Officer - Training

Hallcrest Report (1985, Cunningham & Taylor) found that contract security firms had inadequate employee selection and training standards

Question 13

Security Officer - Training

The key to effective guard us is…

Answer 13

Training

Question 14

Security Officer - Arming

One of the greatest liabilities an organization faces involves…?

Answer 14

issuing deadly weapons to security officers

Question 15

Security Officer - Arming

Some think when a contract security vendor is properly contracted, most of the liability is shifted to the vendor

Answer 15

Legal actions usually involve anyone remotely associated with a situation

Question 16

Security Officer - Arming

Payment for vendor services indicates acceptance of the vendor’s management style and practice; thus, crucial policies and protocols should be prescribed by the organization that employs the vendor

Question 17

Security Officer - Arming

The decision whether to arm an officer should be based on the existence of one of these two conditions

Answer 17

1. there is a greater danger to life safety without the weapon
2. The officer may reasonably be expected to use fatal force

Question 18

Security Officer - Arming

Facility management assumes several responsibilities for armed officers

Answer 18

• Property training of the officers to be armed
• Selection of the appropriate firearms and ammunition
• Proper maintenance of the firearms and ammunition
• Proper maintenance of the firearms by a qualified gunsmith
• Maintenance of records of the foregoing actions
• An adequate level of liability insurance

Question 19

Security Officer - Arming

Other considerations regarding the use of deadly weapons

Answer 19

1. Conditions when weapons may be issued
2. Persons who get a weapon, and the type of weapon and ammo issued
3. Quality and reliability of the weapon at the time of issue, and repair and maintenance of the weapon by a qualified armorer
4. Accountability for the specific weapon and its ammunition, and specified training with the weapon

Question 20

Security Officer - Arming

Other considerations ctd…

Answer 20

5. Conditions when weapons may be used, and safety precautions for the issuance and carrying of weapons
6. Return or surrender of the weapon when not required for authorized use
7. Secure storage for weapons when not in use (weapons unloaded, separated from ammunition, locked in approved container)
8. Accurate records of each of the preceding points

Question 21

Security Officer - Arming

Use of non-lethal weapons should also be covered in policy statements

Question 22

Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary

Contract Security = 3rd party employers of officers

Question 23

Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary

Contract Security: Advantages

Answer 23

• Less expensive (most prominent advantage)
• The pool of replacement workers typically readily available
• No need for a customer to deal with vacations, sick time, discipline, hiring/termination
• A wider range of expertise available
• HIgh turn-over potentially lower quality, sometimes less well-trained, not as loyal

Question 24

Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary

Proprietary = Directly-employed officers

Answer 24

Factors:

• More direct control of personnel selection, screening, training, supervision
• Generally considered more loyal, less turn-over, better quality
• more expensive
• Must deal with discipline, salary determinations, vacations, sick time, etc…

Question 25

Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary Direct-employed officers oversee contract officers; also called the "principal-agent" relationship

Answer 25

Hybrid Security

Question 26

Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary Turnover costs

Answer 26

Due to advertising, interview time, background checks, hiring new employees processing and training - generally run \>=25% annual salary

Question 27

Security Officer - Reports From the first day on the job, security personnel should realize their **observations, reports, or findings, coupled with their demeanor and their ability to articulate events,** may be the key to the verdict in a trial immediately or years after an event, even if they have left the job

Question 28

Security Officer - Reports Every security incident should be treated **as if could result in a courtroom appearance**

Question 29

Security Officer - Reports Security reports and logs are admissible in legal proceedings as entries made in the regular course of business and **are therefore exceptions to the evidentiary rule against hearsay**

Question 30

Security Officer - Reports **The admissibility is pertinent in litigation, arbitration, or administrative matters in which the entry is the only evidence of the event.** To qualify, the report or log must

Answer 30

1. Be regularly maintained 2. Be maintained by a person as part of his or her regular duties 3. Record an event of which the recorder had personal knowledge or which was reported to the recorder by one who had personal knowledge and a duty to report

Question 31

Security Officer - Reports Which forms are better than those that expect the officer to formulate a narrative?

Answer 31

Report forms that force positive statements

Question 32

Security Officer - Reports Which report is the security log?

Answer 32

Central report document

Question 33

Security Officer - Reports Whether manual or electronic in format, security logs generally fall into two classes:

Answer 33

Main or control log Individual past log

Question 34

Security Officer - Policy & Procedure **Written instructions** must be reinforced through personal communication

Question 35

Security Officer - Policy & Procedure What are the most important written instructions for the security force?

Answer 35

Post Orders

Question 36

Security Officer - Policy & Procedure Post orders are also important for the following reasons:

Answer 36

1. Express the policies of the protected enterprise 2. Summarize required officer duties 3. Avoid the problems of word-of-mouth instructions 4. Provide a basis for site-specific training

Question 37

Security Officer - Policy & Procedure Post orders should be developed with the following criteria in mind

Answer 37

- Each order deals with a single subject - Each order is as brief as possible - Each order is written in simple, easy-to-understand terms

Question 38

Security Officer - Policy & Procedure Reading time is **inversely related to reading comprehension** - the longer it takes to read a passage, the less likely it will be accurately understood or remembered

Answer 38

Reading time is a function of both the structure of the passage and the reading skill of the individual

Question 39

Security Officer - Policy & Procedure Post orders should be available at each guard post and kept current and accessible. **They are the vital link between the requirements of the client and the ability of the security officer to effectively meet those requirements**

Question 40

Security Officers - Fatigue Individuals awake for **more than 17 hours** are likely to reach dangerous levels of mental fatigue

Question 41

Security Officer - Fatigue The most effective way to maintain officer vigilance is to systemically rotate the security officer's duties, **at 2 &** **4 hour** **intervals**, between **fixed posts and roving patrol** (both foot and mobile) assignments

Question 42

Security Officer - Fatigue Officers' schedules should allow for **meaningful rest,** including at least **two nights of unrestricted sleep** **between shift changes,** and limitations on days worked consecutively and hours worked per shift

Question 43

Security Officer - Contracting for security services The first step in contracting for security officers is...

Answer 43

To determine the organization's contracting rules,

Question 44

Security Officer - Contracting for security services Other steps in contracting for security officers

Answer 44

- Buyer beware - Properly evaluate the needs of the organization to be protected - Acquire information and know the state of the art - Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each service - Avoid panic decision making

Question 45

Security Officer - Contracting for security services Three criteria to consider when choosing a guard contractor

Answer 45

1. Consistent performance 2. Prompt, efficient and positive response to client concerns 3. Competitive pricing

Question 46

Security Officer - Contracting for security services Clients should look for agencies that can substantiate a...?

Answer 46

Lower-than-average turnover rate

Question 47

Security Officer - Contracting for security services Factors affecting guard agency performance

Answer 47

- Poor scheduling - Lack of adequate supervision - Limited opportunities for advancement - Little or no recognition

Question 48

Security Officer - Contracting for security services The most important aspect required to ensure adequate guard agency performance is

Answer 48

a genuine commitment to partnership with the client

Question 49

Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services **The more specific and detailed the information a client provides,** the greater the likelihood of getting quality service at a competitive price

Question 50

Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services The Scope Of Work (SOW) should state

Answer 50

1. Security tasks 2. Days and hours of performance 3. Total number of hours to be worked

Question 51

Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services Customers should specify hourly pay rates rather than allowing bidding guard agencies to do so

Answer 51

As a general guideline, **the lowest wages received by the contract security officer should at least equal the entry wages paid to the proprietary positions**

Question 52

Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services Supervisory roles are generally determined by the **number of personnel at the site (or total hours)**

Answer 52

If officers work more than 400 hours per week, the contracting organization should hire its own (proprietary) security supervisor

Question 53

Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services Seven measures on which contract security companies can be assessed (at minimum)

Answer 53

1. Employment and reference checks 2. Psychological testing (where allowed) 3. Polygraph testing (where allowed) 4. Minimum qualifications at the local jurisdiction level 5. Management qualifications 6. Selection process for officers 7. Turn-over / tenure / seniority

Question 54

High Rise Security Issues Generally, a high-rise structure extends higher than the maximum reach of available fire-fighting equipment

Answer 54

**Set variously between 75 and 100 feet, or approximately 7 - 10 stories**

Question 55

High Rise - Concepts Access is typically **unrestricted** at the **building entry level** as well as to individual floors. There may be an **unrestrictive security or concierge desk** to assist visitors and others

Answer 55

Open Buildings

Question 56

High Rise - Concepts Access to elevator banks is controlled and visitors are managed

Answer 56

Closed Buildings

Question 57

High Rise - Concepts For a major tenant, one or more elevator banks may be controlled while other elevator banks to other floors are open

Answer 57

Hybrid Buildings

Question 58

High Rise - Concepts Operations controls vary according to time of day, traffic, occupancy level, or day of week

Answer 58

Multi-Mode

Question 59

High Rise - Access Control Three access control classes of space in a high rise

Answer 59

Public Access ## Footnote Leased Spaces Maintenance Spaces

Question 60

High Rise - Access Control Sensitive spaces should be grouped **together in the same group of floors** serviced by a single set of elevators, **allowing more control over access**

Question 61

High Rise - Access Control Floor control can be accomplished in several ways in a high rise

Answer 61

1. Programmable elevators 2. Elevator cabs with card readers 3. Escorts for visitors 4. Employee awareness of piggybacking and tailgating 5. Turnstiles at the ground floor elevator bank 6. Controlled elevator landings (with or without reception)

Question 62

High Rise - Access Control What two factors control how building stairwells are secured?

Answer 62

1. Local fire and building code requirements 2. Whether inter-floor movement of building occupants via stairwells is allowed

Question 63

High Rise - Access Control **Service or freight elevators** pose special problems in all high-rise structures because they often serve all levels of a building

Question 64

High Rise - Access Control If the elevators are self-service, the entire building security program may be compromised unless the service cars are:

Answer 64

- programmed not to access sensitive floors without special arrangments - Locked at hoist away doors on sensitive floors - Locked at service vestibule or lobby doors, where applicable

Question 65

High Rise - Access Control Service elevators also offer an opportunity for unauthorized movement of property from or between accessible floors, which can be addressed by:

Answer 65

- Assigning an operator to the service elevators - Making service elevators available only from a request to security - Avoiding use of service elevators by regular traffic

Question 66

High Rise - Access Control If the use of stairwells is allowed, they should have **access controls and intercoms connected to S****ecurity**

Question 67

High Rise - Access Control High-tower-function mortise locks

Answer 67

- Energized and locked at all times - Access control is accomplished by a key or reader - Power is controlled by the fire system: doors immediately unlock yet remain closed and latched, protecting the stairwell from smoke and fire

Question 68

High Rise - Life Safety The first step in assuring life safety is **to comply with local building and fire codes applicable to the structure**

Question 69

High Rise - Life Safety When sprinkler are present, the chances of dying in a fire and property loss per fire **are cut by 1/3 to 2/3,** compared to fires reported to fire departments where sprinklers are not present

Question 70

High Rise - Life Safety When sprinklers do not produce satisfactory results, the reasons usually involve one or more of the following

Answer 70

1. Partial, antiquated, poorly maintained, or inappropriate systems 2. Explosions or flash fires that overpower the system before it can react 3. Fires very close to people who can be killed before a system can react

Question 71

High Rise - Life Safety **Standpipe systems** can significantly improve the efficiency of manual firefighting operations by eliminating the need for long and cumbersome hoses

Question 72

High Rise - Life Safety Water is the primary extinguishing agent in most high-rises, but others may be...

Answer 72

- Dry chemical and we chemical systems (used mainly for restaurant hoods, ducts, and cooking appliances found in kitchens and cafeterias - Carbon dioxide, Halon replacement systems (used in electrical switchgear rooms and in computer and data processing installations

Question 73

High Rise - Life Safety The most significant factors affecting life safety in high-rise structures are:

Answer 73

- Early detection and precise location of incipient hazards - Reliable communications throughout the structure and with outside agencies - Assurance of safe escape routes - Prompt application of appropriate control measures - Fire extinguishment

Question 74

High Rise - Life Safety Fire-fighting factors in high-rise structures ctd...

Answer 74

- Containment or replacement of contaminated air - Shutoff or filtration of drinking water - Containment and removal of explosives

Question 75

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection The "layered security" approach applies to normal facilities is:

Answer 75

- Outer ring: Property boundary, or perimeter - Middle ring: Building walls - Inner ring: Interior controls

Question 76

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection Layered Security for a high-rise

Answer 76

- Outer ring: Building walls - Middle ring: Access to elevators and stairs - Inner ring: Individual floors

Question 77

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection Protection measures in a high rise should involve a cooperative effort between the building owner and manager and the tenants themselves

Question 78

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection Hardening and controlling the elevator lobby and stairwell doors are l**ess expensive than hardening individual offices or spaces**

Question 79

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection No attempt should be made to use the system control center in any way other **than as a dedicated facility**

Question 80

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection If the system has been properly designed, ideally the monitoring and control station should be the most secure location in the structure

Question 81

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection **Intrusion alarms** should be used on stairwell doors where non-emergency use is not allowed

Question 82

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection Fresh air intakes should not be overlooked in the protection plan, as these are vulnerable to airborne contaminants

Question 83

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection The most dangerous or critical points for an attack against telecommunications lines in a high rise are **located at points after all the building services are connected with one or two main truck cables still int he structures**

Question 84

High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection Since communications within a high rise can be cut to upper floors by severing the cables in a common riser areas **alarm signal and communication systems should be distributed so that localized points can operate independently** even with communications with a central control panel or processor has been disrupted

Question 85

High Rise - Video Surveillance The number of security personnel in a high rise depends on **the type of occupancy and activities**

Question 86

Dogs in Security - Breeds There are 150 breeds of dogs classified into eight classes:

Answer 86

1. Sporting 2. Hound 3. Working 4. Terrier 5. toy 6. Non-sporting 7. Herding 8. Miscellaneous

Question 87

Dogs in Security - Breeds Security typically uses **working and herding dogs**

Answer 87

What matters most is the **overall drive of the individual dog once it has been trained for security work**

Question 88

Dogs in Security - Breeds **Dogs in the Herding group** share a great ability to control the movement of other animals

Question 89

Dogs in Security - Qualifications Dogs fall into one of three main sensitivity groups

Answer 89

1. Oversensitive (reacts excessively, difficult to train, unreliable, may have to do with the dog's history 2. Undersensitive (difficult to motivate, may not respond to commands, may not interpret affection as a reward) 3. Moderately sensitive (normal sensitivity to sound and touch, responds to commands, ideal for protection work

Question 90

Dogs in Security - Qualifications Aggressiveness categories

Answer 90

Over-aggressive Under-aggressive Moderately- aggressive

Question 91

Aggressiveness Categories difficult to train, may bit others than the aggressor, continues to react after aggressor is gon

Answer 91

Over-aggressive

Question 92

Aggressiveness Categories Cowers or hides when approached by an aggressor, difficult or impossible to train

Answer 92

Under-Aggressive

Question 93

Aggressiveness Categories Easiest to train, ideal for protection use, become alert to the aggressor, suspicious, and is eager to move towards the aggressor

Answer 93

Moderately aggressive

Question 94

Dog - Qualifications Willingness refers to a dog's

Answer 94

- Response to commands - Attitude when carrying out duties - Reaction toward learning new duties

Question 95

Dogs - Qualifications A dog is ranked **high in willingness if it continuously responds to a given command in an effort to fulfill it,** even though reward or correction cannot be easily perceived as being immediate

Question 96

Dogs - Qualifications To qualify for protection work, a dog should

Answer 96

- Be 'middle-sized' - Have even temperament - Be inquisitive and intelligent - Be courageous (bold but not ferocious, not shy); never retreat - Have 'hardness', or a willingness to overcome challenges - Have vitality and strength - Be any color

Question 97

Dogs - Qualifications Qualify for protection...

Answer 97

- Respond well to training at about twelve months of age - Usually be male (not monorchid); females if spayed - Not necessarily be purebred, but not be a shelter dog - Not have been with the breeder for more than 12 months

Question 98

Dogs - Qualifications In security, what are a dog's most important senses?

Answer 98

Smell Hearing

Question 99

Dogs - Qualifications During which stage of training must a dog be taught to rely on smell instead of sight, especially when teaching building searches?

Answer 99

Imprinting Stage

Question 100

Dogs - Qualifications A dog's ability to detect scents is often described as...

Answer 100

Being more than **100 times greater than that of humans** *A trained dog can sense an intruder's airborne scent more than 250 yards away*

Question 101

Dogs - Qualifications A dog's hearing is superior to humans' in **range and pitch**

Answer 101

the upper-frequency limit of the dog is about twice that of human beings, reaching **30,000 Hz or more**. In general, a dog's vision cannot be compared favorably with that of the normal human

Question 102

Dogs - Training Dogs are more intelligent than most other animals, except humans and non-human primates

Answer 102

A vocabulary of about 20 words is normal, but some can respond to 100

Question 103

Dogs - Training Two basic drives are prevalent in dogs used for security tasks

Answer 103

1. The hunt drive 2. The pack drive

Question 104

Dogs - Training Hunt Drive

Answer 104

- Must be present to accomplish both detection and protection work - Through training, the drive can be channeled to help the dog pursue and locate other items, such as drugs or lost children - Due to their natural predator ability, dogs can be trained to attack humans without regard to their own safety

Question 105

Dogs - Training Pack Drive

Answer 105

- When domesticated, the dog adopts humans as pack members and defends the pack as well as the territory the pack occupies

Question 106

Dogs - Training The optimal canine is one with **equal HUNT and pack drives**

Question 107

Dogs - Training More than any reward, the dog wants the approval of it handler - probably because of the pack instinct

Question 108

Dogs - Training Most common training methods (not every dog responds to the same method)

Answer 108

1. Positive reinforcement (praise) tailored to the dog's specific predominant drives 2. Compulsion (negative corrections) through the handler's voice or with equipment such as a shock collar 3. Inducement (balls, toys, companionship, or food)

Question 109

Dogs - Training A dog should never be corrected for clumsiness, slowness in learning, or because of an inability to understand what is expected

Question 110

Dogs - Training Attributing human characteristics to animals

Answer 110

Anthropomorphism

Question 111

Dogs - Training Because of the **restrictions on time and effort** needed to keep skills at the optimal level, generally a dog should be trained specifically for protection or detection, not both

Question 112

Dogs - Training Two reasons why a single dog is generally not trained to detect both drugs and explosives

Answer 112

1. The possibility of confusing the dog in an actual search 2. the need for an aggressive search method when searching for drugs, and a passive on for bombs and explosives

Question 113

Dogs - Training A detection dog must have continuous, daily training to maintain peak proficiency - perhaps two hours per day

Question 114

Dogs - Training Basic training for detection work **runs six to eight weeks,** plus one or two weeks more to train a detection team

Question 115

Dogs - Qualifications It takes about **nine months to a year** before a handler and a dog become highly effective together in pursuing the more difficult detection challenges

Question 116

Dogs - Training A dog taught with a handler knows to attack without command **only when a violator escapes or attacks the handler**

Question 117

Dogs - Training Escorting handler **is 10 ft. behind and 2 ft.** **right** **of the violator;** the dog is off-leash to the left, directly behind the violator

Question 118

Dogs - Training The dog used in the private sector should be given **brief refresher training at least monthly**

Question 119

Dogs - Detection Dogs are the most efficient method for...?

Answer 119

Detecting drugs, explosives and accelerants in most situations

Question 120

Dogs - Detection What percentage does the detection reliability of a well-trained dog exceed?

Answer 120

95%

Question 121

Dogs - Detection Detection is demanding and often boring for the dog because of long work periods without detecting a scent

Answer 121

- A detection dog can normally work effectively **for 20 - 60 minutes** - If a search continues for a long time, **the dog may become tired and lose interest** - If the dog loses interest and the handler cannot motivate it to continue, **it must be given a break** - **Noise and activity** in an area may distract the dog

Question 122

Dogs - Detection A single dog can be trained to **patrol, protect areas, and detect substances,** but usually, **substance detection** becomes a specialty because of the necessary training time

Question 123

Dogs - Detection Dogs can search...

Answer 123

- A 50 yard corridor of lockers in about 2 minutes - A vehicle in about 1.5 minutes - 125 packages in about 7 minutes - 50 boxes in about 3 minutes

Question 124

Dogs - Detection Typical scent-masking substances for drugs

Answer 124

Perfume Gasoline Formaldehyde

Question 125

Dogs - Detection Typical false-alerts for drugs

Answer 125

- Oregano - Alfalfa - Parsley - Spices - Any substance containing acetic acid can cause a false-alert for heroin

Question 126

Dogs - Detection The average drug dog will detect the presence of a 1.2-ounce (14g) of marijuana or a small amount of opium in a vehicle, a package, luggage, or a room of reasonable size

Question 127

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) Dogs have been used to detect accelerants since...

Answer 127

1987

Question 128

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) Its ability to discriminate between pyrolysis products (fire debris) normally found at a fire and pyrolysis products containing an ignitable liquid

Answer 128

The value of the dog

Question 129

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) Which breed are especially adept at this type of detection

Answer 129

Labrador Retrievers

Question 130

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) How accurate can the dog be?

Answer 130

95% Accurate

Question 131

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) With what percent of evaporated gasoline is training accomplished?

Answer 131

50%

Question 132

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) Dogs can also be used to **detect accelerant scents from onlookers**, in an effort to **identify the arsonist who has remained behind**

Question 133

Dogs - Detection (Accelerants) Dogs significantly reduce the time required to **perform a fire investigation**

Question 134

Dogs - Detection (Explosives) Explosives that can be detected by dogs...

Answer 134

Commercial dynamite (gelatin, TNT - trinitrotoluene) Smokeless powder C-4 plastic explosive Black powder (powder form, time fuse, safety fuse) and black powder substitutes Detonating cord (PETN polyerythrytoltetranitrate-based Detonating cord containing RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine)

Question 135

Dogs - Detection (Explosives) Explosives that can be detected by dogs...ctd

Answer 135

Binaries (such as Kinepak) Blasting agents Cast boosters Composition - B Emulsions and slurries Water gels Plastic explosives (semtex) Tetryl Improvised explosive (ANFO ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, chlorates, nitrates

Question 136

Dogs - Training (Explosives) Items that can cause false alerts in detection dogs (for explosives)

Answer 136

- Nitroglycerin pills or containers - Back of television (nitrocellulose shellac) - Blackboard chalk labels (nitrocellulose shellac) - Grease pencils (nitrobenzene) - Shoe polish (nitrobenzene or nitrotoluene) - Pure glycerin (similar to nitroglycerin) - Maraschino cherries (benzaldehyde)

Question 137

Dogs - Tracking Protection dogs are usually not specifically **trained in tracking**

Question 138

Dogs - Tracking A dog can **track better in grass and brush** because human scent adheres well to those surfaces

Question 139

Dogs - Tracking Human scent remains longer **on cool, moist ground** and dissipates rapidly in direct sunlight, on extremely dry ground, and in excessive rain

Question 140

Dogs - Tracking What can hold a scent for 12 hours in favorable weather?

Answer 140

Damp Sand

Question 141

Dogs - Tracking Scents in what conditions last up to 24 hours (less than 3 hours for the opposite)

Answer 141

**vegetation and moist air, moderate winds, and no sun**

Question 142

Dogs - Tracking What is the best time of day to track a scent?

Answer 142

Early mornings - higher temperatures reduce scents faster

Question 143

Dogs - Tracking What improves scents

Answer 143

Humidity

Question 144

Dogs - Tracking Scent cannot pass through what?

Answer 144

Trees, bushes, large rocks, and high grass Must go over, under, or around them

Question 145

Dogs - Tracking **Perspiration** is the most distinctive scent in humans

Answer 145

- **Individuals who have been drinking** emit a different scent that disagrees with the dogs - Much perspiration is generated by feet; the scent escapes through shoes and clothing **(the** **majority** **of scent trails are let by feet)**

Question 146

Dogs - Tracking Tracking dogs can also smell the difference in **the turned-up ground and crushed plants**

Question 147

Dogs - Tracking A trained dog in a boat can **scent a person under the water and** **breathing** **through a tube**

Question 148

Dogs - Tracking **Dogs with flat noses,** such as the mastiff, boxer, and bulldog, are generally not as well suited for tracking

Question 149

Dogs - Tracking **Housedogs do not make optimal tracking dogs;** their smell is diminished by the artificial environment

Question 150

Dogs - Tracking Training a dog for tracking and trailing **takes about two years** and can usually be done only by an expert

Question 151

Dogs - Feeding A dog requires how many nutrients to remain in good health?

Answer 151

36

Question 152

Dogs - Feeding Dogs should be fed **once per day,** no longer than **20 - 30 minutes**

Question 153

Dogs - Grooming The area on the outer side of the dog's elbows that is hairless and thick-skinned, usually about an inch in diameter

Answer 153

Callus

Question 154

Dogs - Healthcare Normal dog temperature range is?

Answer 154

101 - 102 degrees Fahrenheit​

Question 155

Dogs - Liability Dogs can be **viewed as weapons,** and as such, can result in **criminal liability** if caused to attack without justification

Question 156

Dogs - Liability Dogs can cause civil liability by...

Answer 156

- Threatening a person - Attacking a person - Causing an accident that causes damages or injury

Question 157

Dogs - Liability **Civil liability may arise** when the dog is on or off duty

Question 158

Dogs - Liability A dog can be considered dangerous or vicious if **the owner or controller knew or should have known of the dog's vicious propensities**

Question 159

Dogs - Liability A dog can be used to **detain a trespasser in a similar manner as the property owner could**