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ATM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What methods do ATCOs employ to achieve separation between aircraft?

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Lateral
  • Vertical

These methods are essential for maintaining safe distances between aircraft in flight.

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2
Q

What is the Vertical Separation Minimum?

A

1000ft below FL 290 and 2000ft above FL290 up to FL410

This minimum ensures safe vertical spacing between aircraft at different flight levels.

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3
Q

What does RVSM stand for?

A

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum

This allows for 1,000ft separation if aircraft are suitably equipped and airspace is designated as RVSM (FL290-FL410).

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4
Q

What should ATC do in the event of a failure of RVSM equipment on an aircraft?

A

Separate at standard separation until aircraft is descended below RVSM level

This ensures safety until the aircraft can operate within normal separation parameters.

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5
Q

What are the types of horizontal separation?

A
  • Lateral
  • Longitudinal
  • Geographic

These types help maintain safe distances between aircraft flying in the same or intersecting airspace.

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6
Q

What is required for Longitudinal separation?

A
  • Depart at a specified time
  • Lose time to arrive over a geographical location at a specified time
  • Hold over a geographical location until a specified time
  • Maintain between aircraft using same/diverging tracks by use of speed control

These requirements help manage the timing and spacing of aircraft in flight.

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7
Q

What are the radar separations?

A
  • 5nm
  • 3nm (CAA Conditions)
  • 2 ½ nm (Conditions)

These distances are critical for ensuring safe separation between aircraft monitored by radar.

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8
Q

What are the 2 ½nm Conditions/rules?

A
  • Both aircraft established 10nm final (same runway)
  • Runway occupancy 50 seconds or less
  • Safety assessment for each runway (length, aircraft, etc.)
  • Controller training
  • Published in AIP, MATS Part 2
  • Users informed of the need to vacate runway expeditiously

These rules help ensure safety and efficiency in runway operations.

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9
Q

What are the conditions for VMC Climb/Descent?

A
  • Daylight only
  • At or below FL100
  • In VMC only
  • Both pilots must agree
  • Essential traffic information must be passed
  • If aircraft encounter IFR, ATC to be informed (altitude clearance to be issued)

These conditions ensure safe operations during visual meteorological conditions.

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10
Q

Which aircraft are provided with separation?

A
  • All in class A
  • IFR A-E
  • IFR Flight Planned in ADRs
  • IFR/SVFR

This ensures that all relevant aircraft receive appropriate separation based on their flight rules.

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11
Q

When might you increase standard separation?

A
  • Pilot request
  • ATCO considers it required
  • CAA decree

These situations may necessitate greater separation for safety.

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12
Q

When may an aircraft be cleared to change level?

A

Exceptions: IFR in classes D&E carrying out VMC Climb/Descent (daytime, VMC, etc.); Wake

These exceptions allow for flexibility in altitude changes under specific conditions.

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13
Q

What are the actions to take in the event of loss of separation?

A

Learn when essential traffic information must be given

This is critical for maintaining safety and awareness in the airspace.

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14
Q

What are the conditions for reduced separation in the vicinity of an Aerodrome?

A
  • Both aircraft constantly visible to ADC
  • Both aircraft constantly visible to each other & agreed to take their own separation
  • Following aircraft has preceding aircraft constantly in sight and agrees to take separation

These conditions allow for closer operations near airports while maintaining safety.

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15
Q

For departure, what must the preceding aircraft have done?

A
  • Vacated runway
  • Started a turn
  • Crossed runway threshold before takeoff clearance issued when there is reasonable assurance that separation will exist when aircraft commences takeoff

These requirements ensure safe departures from runways.

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16
Q

What is the Longitudinal Separation rule for takeoff?

A

1 min provided tracks diverge by more than 45° immediately after takeoff

This rule helps maintain safe distances between departing aircraft.

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17
Q

What is the minimum separation time when the preceding aircraft is 40 knots or more faster than the succeeding aircraft?

A

2 mins

This applies when both aircraft are on the same track.

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18
Q

What is the separation time required for same track when both aircraft are at the same reporting point?

A
  • 15 mins
  • 10 mins with frequent checks of Navaids
  • 5 mins if one aircraft is 20 knots or more faster

This ensures safety and proper separation in air traffic control.

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19
Q

Define Reciprocal Track.

A

135° / 225° (track of one aircraft is separated from the reciprocal of the other by less than 45°)

This definition is crucial for maintaining safe distances between aircraft.

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20
Q

What is the separation distance for same track using DME/GNSS?

A
  • 20 nm
  • 10 nm if one aircraft is 20 knots or more faster

This distance helps to ensure safe vertical and horizontal separation.

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21
Q

What is the separation time for Crossing Tracks?

A
  • 15 mins
  • 10 mins in Europe
  • 10 mins with frequent checks of Navaids

This is important for managing aircraft that may intersect paths.

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22
Q

What is the Mach number function of?

A

Temperature

Higher temperatures result in slower Mach numbers at given altitudes.

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23
Q

What does 0.01 Mach equal in knots TAS?

A

6 knots TAS

This conversion is essential for understanding speed in aviation.

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24
Q

What is the separation distance for longitudinal separation?

A

80 nm with conditions

This ensures safe distances between aircraft flying in the same direction.

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25
What are the means used for **lateral separation**?
* Different routes * Different geographical locations * Visual observation * Use of navaids * RNAV operations ## Footnote These methods help maintain safe distances between aircraft flying parallel or diverging paths.
26
What is the definition of **Wake Vortex**?
Turbulence created by an aircraft in flight ## Footnote It is significant during take-off and landing phases.
27
What are the categories of aircraft based on **wake turbulence**?
* Super (J) - A380 * Heavy (H) - all other heavy aircraft * Medium (M) * Light (L) ## Footnote These classifications help in managing wake turbulence effects during flight operations.
28
What is the definition of **Wake Vortex Turbulence**?
Turbulence generated by the passage of an aircraft in flight, starting when the nose landing gear leaves the ground and ceasing when it touches down ## Footnote This turbulence affects other aircraft during take-off and landing.
29
Differentiate between **Wake Vortex** and **Wake Turbulence**.
* Vortex: Nature of the air masses * Turbulence: Effect of the vortices on other aircraft ## Footnote Understanding this distinction is crucial for air traffic safety.
30
What is the ICAO **Wake Turbulence Group** for an A380?
Super (J) ## Footnote The A380 is categorized as 'Super' due to its significant vortex generation.
31
What weight class does the **Heavy (H)** ICAO Wake Turbulence Group include?
Aircraft types of 136,000 kg or more ## Footnote This classification helps in managing separation distances between aircraft.
32
What is the weight range for the **Medium (M)** ICAO Wake Turbulence Group?
Aircraft types less than 136,000 kg but more than 7,000 kg ## Footnote This group includes a variety of commercial aircraft.
33
What defines the **Light (L)** ICAO Wake Turbulence Group?
Aircraft types of 7,000 kg or less ## Footnote This classification is important for determining safe separation distances.
34
What is the minimum distance for **RNP 10** separation?
50nm ## Footnote This distance is crucial for ensuring safe operations in airspace where RNP is specified.
35
What is the minimum distance for **RNP 4** separation?
30nm ## Footnote This spacing is required to prevent overlap of protected airspace.
36
What is the minimum distance for **RNP 2** separation?
15nm ## Footnote This distance ensures safety for RNAV-equipped aircraft.
37
True or false: **Separation between RNAV-equipped aircraft** is obtained by requiring them to be established on the centrelines of parallel tracks.
TRUE ## Footnote This method prevents overlap of protected airspace.
38
What is the required angle for intersecting tracks to use RNAV operations?
Between 15 and 135 degrees ## Footnote This angle is critical for maintaining safe separation.
39
What is the minimum distance for lateral separation using the same VOR?
15nm divergent ## Footnote At least one aircraft must be 15nm from the VOR.
40
What is the separation requirement for aircraft established on tracks to or from an **NDB**?
Diverging by at least 30° and at least one aircraft at a distance of 15nm or more from the facility ## Footnote This ensures safe operations in the vicinity of NDBs.
41
What is the separation requirement for **GNSS/GNSS** operations?
Each aircraft must be established on a track with zero offset between two waypoints and at least one aircraft at a minimum distance from a common point ## Footnote This is essential for maintaining safe distances between aircraft.
42
What is the separation requirement for **VOR/GNSS** operations?
The aircraft using VOR must be established on a radial, while the GNSS aircraft must have zero offset between waypoints and at least one aircraft at a minimum distance from a common point ## Footnote This ensures safe navigation and separation.
43
What is the separation requirement when using **different navaids**?
Provided the protected areas do not overlap ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining safety in air traffic.
44
The **ATCU** shall not apply wake turbulence separation for which types of flights?
* Arriving FR flights landing on the same runway as a preceding HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft * Arriving IF flights executing a visual approach when the aircraft has reported the preceding aircraft in sight ## Footnote The ATC unit shall issue a caution of possible wake turbulence for these flights.
45
What is the minimum separation time for **arriving M** behind **J**?
3 mins ## Footnote This is part of the timing for inst apps under APP control function.
46
What is the minimum separation time for **arriving L** behind **H/M**?
3 mins ## Footnote This applies when timed inst apps are in effect.
47
What is the minimum separation time for **departing H** t/o behind **J**?
2 mins ## Footnote This is part of the separation rules for departures.
48
What is the minimum separation time for **departing L/M** t/o behind **H**?
2 mins ## Footnote This applies under standard departure conditions.
49
What is the minimum separation time for **departing L/M** t/o behind **J** when same runway and runways are less than 760m apart?
3 mins ## Footnote This applies when crossing flight paths at the same or less than 1000' below.
50
What is the minimum separation time for **intermediate departures** of **L/M** t/o behind **H**?
3 mins ## Footnote This applies when departing from an intermediate point.
51
What is the minimum separation time for **arriving L/M** following a **H** departure if projected flight paths are expected to cross?
2 mins ## Footnote This applies to specific crossing scenarios.
52
What is the minimum separation time for **arriving L** following a **M** departure if projected flight paths are expected to cross?
2 mins ## Footnote This is part of the crossing flight path rules.
53
What is the minimum separation time for **arriving L/M** a/c following a **J** arrival if projected flight paths are expected to cross?
3 mins ## Footnote This applies to specific crossing scenarios involving heavier aircraft.
54
What is the minimum separation time for **opposite direction** between a **L/M** and a **H**?
2 mins ## Footnote This applies when the heavier aircraft is making a low or missed approach.
55
What is the minimum separation time for **opposite direction** between a **L/M** and a **J**?
3 mins ## Footnote This applies under specific conditions involving missed approaches.
56
What is the significance of **RECAT** in relation to LHR?
Under consideration ## Footnote RECAT may influence wake turbulence separation rules.
57
What are the **three types** of separation mentioned?
* Single Engine * Single Engine (another category) * All other types ## Footnote These categories are part of the separation protocols.
58
What is the minimum separation time for **landing** with 1 preceding aircraft?
1 min ## Footnote This applies under specific conditions.
59
What is the minimum separation time for **departing** with 2 clear t/c?
2 mins ## Footnote This applies under standard departure conditions.
60
What is the minimum separation time for **departing** with 3 clear t/o?
3 mins ## Footnote This applies under specific departure conditions.
61
What are the **conditions** that allow the use of **reduced runway separation minima**?
* Daylight only (30 mins after local sunrise until 30 mins before local sunset) * Wake Turbulence separation must be applied * Visibility at least 5K * Ceiling not below 1000' * Tailwind component must not exceed 5 kts * Landmarks/Visual references must be available * SMGCS (if used) must be approved * Minimum separation must exist immediately after departure of 2nd aircraft * Traffic info must be given to 20 aircraft * Breaking Action Good - no contaminants ## Footnote These conditions ensure safety during reduced separation operations.
62
What factors does the **safety case** consider?
* RWY length * A/D layout * Types/Categories of aircraft involved ## Footnote A safety case must prove an acceptable level of safety for each runway.
63
What are the **three classification levels** of aircraft?
* Level 1: Single Eng Prop MCTOM 2000KG or less * Level 2: Single Eng Prop > 2000Kg but < 7000Kg & Twin Eng Prop < 7000Kg * Level 3: All other aircraft ## Footnote These classifications help determine separation distances.
64
What are the **associated distances** for each aircraft classification level?
* Level 1: 600m * Level 2: 1500m * Level 3: 2400m ## Footnote These distances are critical for maintaining safe separation.
65
Landing conditions for **Level 1** aircraft require what separation?
* 1 preceding: 1/2 LANDED & 600m from threshold, in motion, no backtrack * OR: Airborne & 600m from threshold ## Footnote These conditions ensure safe landing operations.
66
Landing conditions for **Level 2** aircraft require what separation?
* 2 preceding: 1/2 LANDED & 1500m from threshold, in motion, no backtrack * OR: Airborne & 1500m from threshold ## Footnote These conditions ensure safe landing operations.
67
Landing conditions for **Level 3** aircraft require what separation?
* 3 preceding: 3 LANDED & 2400m from threshold, in motion, no backtrack * OR: Airborne & 2400m from threshold ## Footnote These conditions ensure safe landing operations.
68
Departing conditions for **Level 1** aircraft require what separation?
* Clear t/o when 1/2 airborne at least 600m from position of succeeding aircraft ## Footnote This ensures safe takeoff operations.
69
Departing conditions for **Level 2** aircraft require what separation?
* Clear t/o when 1/2 airborne at least 1500m from position of succeeding aircraft ## Footnote This ensures safe takeoff operations.
70
Departing conditions for **Level 3** aircraft require what separation?
* Clear t/o when 3 airborne at least 2400m from position of succeeding aircraft ## Footnote This ensures safe takeoff operations.
71
True or false: **Reduced runway separation minima** can be applied between departing and preceding landing aircraft.
FALSE ## Footnote Reduced separation minima are not applicable in this scenario.
72
What is **ACAS**?
An aircraft system based on SSR transponder signals which operates independently of ground based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting traffic that are equipped with SSR transponders ## Footnote ACAS stands for Airborne Collision Avoidance System.
73
Which aircraft must carry (and use) **ACAS (TCAS /I Version 7.1)**?
Turbine-powered aeroplanes with a maximum certified take-off mass (MCTOM) of more than 5700 kg or a maximum operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC) of more than 19 ## Footnote Unless otherwise authorised.
74
What version of **TCAS** is mandated?
TCAS II ## Footnote The only equipment able to meet ACAS II requirements.
75
What does **TCAS II** give us that **TCAS I** didn't?
RA's ## Footnote RA stands for Resolution Advisories.
76
What are the **TCAS components**?
* Antennae * TCAS Processor * Transponder Control Panel * Vertical Speed Indicator * Visual Display * Voice Warning System 'Traffic Traffic' ## Footnote These components work together to provide traffic advisories and resolution advisories.
77
What types of **transponder** allow use of **TCAS**?
* Mode A/C Transponders * Mode S Transponders ## Footnote Mode A/C provides Traffic Advisory and Resolution Advisory if Mode C is available; Mode S communicates between transponders.
78
What symbology, colour, and shape represent **TCAS RA** and proximity traffic?
* Hollow cyan (light blue) or white diamond - for other traffic * Solid cyan (light blue) or white diamond - for proximate traffic * Solid yellow or amber circle - for intruders * Solid red square - for threats ## Footnote These symbols help pilots identify the level of threat from nearby aircraft.
79
Below what levels is **TCAS** inhibited / alerts not generated?
* Enhanced RA 'Increase Descent' is inhibited below 1450ft AGL * Descend RA is inhibited below 1100ft AGL * All RAs inhibited below 1000ft AGL * All spoken messages inhibited below 500ft AGL ## Footnote RAs are also inhibited when GPWS or Windshear warnings are active.
80
What are the **timeframes for warnings** in TCAS?
* TA: 20-48 seconds * RA: up to 35 seconds ## Footnote TA stands for Traffic Advisory and RA stands for Resolution Advisory.
81
What actions should pilots take during a **TA**?
No Avoiding Action (but may ask for traffic info) ## Footnote ATC does not routinely pass traffic information during a TA.
82
What actions should pilots take during a **RA**?
Shall respond immediately (Disengage autopilot and respond within 5 seconds) ## Footnote Pilots should restrict manoeuvres to the minimum necessary to resolve conflict and advise ATC ASAP.
83
What are **ATC actions** in the event of a **TCAS RA**?
Do Not Issue Instructions to the Aircraft ## Footnote ATC responsibility ceases for provision of standard separation from affected traffic.
84
When does the controller resume responsibility for providing separation for all the aircraft affected by a **TCAS RA**?
When the controller acknowledges a report from the flight crew that the aircraft has resumed the current clearance ## Footnote This ensures that the aircraft can safely return to its original flight path.
85
Define **coordination** in the context of ATC.
The process of formally advising adjoining ATC units of the planned passage of flights across boundaries to ensure flight safety ## Footnote EU: Coordination is executed between ATC units; UK: It involves negotiation between parties with executive decision-making authority.
86
What are the **stages of coordination**?
* Notification of data * Transferring Conditions * Accepting Conditions * Transfer of Control ## Footnote These stages ensure that all parties are informed and agree on the flight's passage across boundaries.
87
What is **Transfer of Control**?
Achieved when a flight reaches an agreed position, level, or time ## Footnote It takes place at an Agreed Reporting Point, on estimate for FIR boundary, or at agreed levels.
88
Where does **Transfer of Control** take place?
* At an Agreed Reporting Point * On estimate for FIR boundary * At or passing agreed level * Climbing or descending to agreed level ## Footnote Standard separation must exist during the transfer.
89
What is the recommended order for **Transfer of Communication** and **Transfer of Control**?
Transfer of Communication should take place before Transfer of Control ## Footnote This allows for issuing instructions that become effective later.
90
What is **downstream coordination**?
Coordination effected by a unit ahead of the aircraft's flight path that is not currently the control authority ## Footnote This is done as per a downstream clearance.
91
What is an **approval request**?
A request sent by the transferring ATC unit to the accepting ATC unit for approval when flying time to the boundary is less than the specified minimum ## Footnote This request includes flight plan and control information.
92
Can **Transfer of Control** and **Transfer of Communication** be done at the same time?
No, they should not be confused ## Footnote Transfer of Communication is recommended to occur before Transfer of Control.
93
What do **LOAs** cover?
* Definition of areas of responsibility * Airspace structure and classification * Delegation of ATS responsibility * Procedures for data exchange * Conditions for transfer of control and communication ## Footnote LOAs ensure clarity in coordination and responsibilities between ATC units.
94
What are the **key elements** included in the coordination and transfer of control of flights?
* Altitudes/flight levels * Specific separation minima or spacing * Use of automation * ATS surveillance system coordination procedures * SSR code assignment procedures * Procedures for departing traffic * Designated holding fixes and procedures for arriving traffic * Applicable contingency procedures * Other relevant provisions or information ## Footnote These elements ensure safe and efficient air traffic management during the transfer of control.
95
Who else might have a copy of **LOAs / Standing Agreements**?
* Adjacent ACCs * FIRS ## Footnote These agreements facilitate coordination between air traffic control units.
96
Where does the **transfer of control** take place?
* Reporting point * Airspace/FIR boundary * Climbing or descending through a level * Transfer of communications ## Footnote These points are critical for maintaining safe air traffic operations.
97
Who coordinates with whom regarding **VFR Flights**?
Interaction between ACC/APP & (sometimes) TWR ## Footnote This coordination is essential for managing visual flight rules traffic effectively.
98
What information should **APP** keep **ACC** updated on?
* RWY in use * Lowest vacant level at the holding fix * Average time interval between arrivals * Revision of EATS * ETAs over holding fix if more than 3 mins * Info on overdue a/c * Missed approaches ## Footnote Keeping ACC updated helps in maintaining situational awareness and safety.
99
What information should **ACC** keep **APP** updated on?
* Call sign * Type * Point of departure * ETA & level over holding fix * Actual time, level, & if released * Registered approach if different than APP offered * EAT issued * Statement that a/c instructed to contact APP * Statement that a/c has been released * Anticipated delays due to congestion ## Footnote This information is crucial for effective air traffic management.
100
How much time before ETA should info on arriving a/c be forwarded?
Not less than 15 mins ## Footnote This advance notice is important for preparing for arrivals.
101
What is the coordination process for flights receiving **ATC Advisory Service**?
Same as ATCS ## Footnote This ensures that all flights receive necessary guidance and support.
102
Which A/C receiving a **FIS** are coordinated IFR/VFR?
Coordination between ATS units in adjacent FIRs ## Footnote This coordination is essential for managing both IFR and VFR flights effectively.
103
Coordination shall be effected in accordance with an agreement between the ATS units concerned. True or False?
TRUE ## Footnote This ensures that all parties involved in air traffic management are aligned in their operations.
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