Attachment

Question 1

9Define attachment

Answer 1

Attachment is a strong emotional bond that forms as a results of a interaction between two people

Question 2

Define interactional synchrony

Answer 2

Where an infant mirrors the actions of another person and overtime the behaviour becomes synchronised so that they are in direct response to each other

Question 3

Define recprocity

Answer 3

• Behaviour produced as a response to another person
• Behaviour that is produced to elicit a response

Question 4

Interactional synchrony and reciprocity/Condone and Sander (1974)

Explan how attachment are developed and maintained

Answer 4

• reciprocity - Condone and Sander (1974) analysed the movment of babies when speaking to an adult and found babes ‘moved in time’ with conversation and appeared to ‘take turns’ this was described as reciprocal behaviour
• Interactional synchrony - Parents speech and infant behaviour becomes co ordinated and synchronised so they have a direct response to eachother

Question 5

Babies

Explain Melzoof and Moore (1997) imitation

Answer 5

2-3 weeks old babies imitate adult facial expression and movements

Question 6

Caregiver changes tone to baby, why do they do this?

Explain modified language

Answer 6

Mothererese s a slow high pitched repetive way of speaking iin short simple sentences, the use of this is to contrbuite towards attachment

Question 7

infants

Explain Isabella et al (1989) research into interactional synchrony

Answer 7

Observed infant who were 1, 2 and 9 months old while interactning with caregiver (mother)

Question 8

Interactional synchrony - infant

Explain findings of Isabella et al (1989)

Answer 8

• Mother developing secure attachment - observed to interact in a well timed and reciprocal manner
• Mothers developng a insecure relationship - observed to be involved and unresponsve to infant signals

Question 9

Define secure attachment

Answer 9

form of attachment which is optimal for a healthy cognitive and emotional development

Question 10

babies used

Explain Schaffer and Emerson (1964) study into attachment

Answer 10

60 babies studied every month for first 18 month of life (longitudinal study) and found babies develop attachment in a ceratin sequence

Question 11

3,4,7,9 - months babies (Schaffer and Emerson)

Explain the stages of attachment formed within babies

Answer 11

• 0-3 months - indiscriminate attachment, new born attaches to any human
• 4-7 months - preference for certain people, infant distinguish between primary and secondary caregiver but accept care from anyone
• 7-9 months - special preference for single attachment figure and shows stranger fear also seperation anxiety
• 9+ months - mutiple attachment, baby become more independent and forms serval attachments

Question 12

What did Harlow (1958) study and why

Answer 12

• Rhesus monkey
• To identify mechanism by which new born rhesus monkey bond to their mother

Question 13

food?

Define behavioural theory of attachment

Answer 13

This theory suggest that an infant forms an attachment with a carer who provides food

Question 14

Define evolutionary theory of attachment

Answer 14

Infant has a innate (biological) need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort

Question 15

Explain Harlow rhesus monkey experiment

Answer 15

1. Eight monkey seperate from mother at birth and put in cage with two surrogate mother (One wire and one cloth)
2. The monkey could either get milk from the wire mesh mother or comfort from the cloth
3. The monkeys were studied for 165 days
4. Monkey would go for the wire mother for food and cloth for comfort also the cloth mother was more effective in decreasing the youngest fear

Question 16

How does Harlow monkey study support the evolutionary theory of attachment

Answer 16

Harlow experiment shows how important secuirty and comfort is compared to food and concluded for the monkeys to develop normally it has to have a interactionm wth an object it can cling onto for the first month of its life (critical period)

Question 17

Define deprivation in terms of attachment

Answer 17

Refers to an disruption of an bond as a results of seperation from an attachment figure

Question 18

Rhesus monkey

What are the issues of Harlow experiment

Answer 18

• Seen as cruel and unethical
• limited value in understanding the effects of deprivation

Question 19

Rhesus monkey

Positive of Harlow expriment

Answer 19

• Research had a heavy influence on Bowlby in his attachment theory
• Vital step convincing people the importance of emotional care

Question 20

What is imprinting in terms of Lorenz gosling experiment

Answer 20

Imprinting is when a infant such as a gosling will follow the first thing that it sees

Question 21

Baby gosling

Explain Lorenz imprintng experiment

Answer 21

• Took half hoose mother eggs and placed half under the mother and half besides himself
• When the geese hatched Lorenz imitated the mother geese and found the birds regarded him as there mother

Question 22

critical period

What were the findings of Lorenz imprinting experiment

Answer 22

Found geese follow the first moving object they see durng a 12-17 hour critical period after hatching, this process is known as imprinting and suggest attachment is innate and programmed genetically

Question 23

Explain behavioural explanation of attachment

Answer 23

Suggest that attachment is learned through behaviour and the basis for the learning of attachments is food, infant will initally form an attachment because assocaites the feeder with comfort of being fed

Question 24

Food

Explain classical conditoning creating attachments

Answer 24

• receiving food gives infant pleasure caregiver
• feed infant therefore infant associates caregiver with pleasure when they are near

Question 25

# Operant conditoning - food and discomfort, proxmity seeking behaviour Explain OC creating attachments

Answer 25

* infant feel discomfort when hungry so desire food to remove discomfort * Infant learn when they cry caregiver feeds them and discomfort is removed (**negative reinforcement**) * consequences of crying lead to something unpleasant stopping therefore **proxmity seeking behaviour** is formed

Question 26

# Social releaser (Crying), programmed Explain evolutionary theory of attachment

Answer 26

Suggest infant are biologically programed to form attachments as it will help survial, infant produced **social releasers** behaviours such as crying in order to get a response from caregiver

Question 27

# Cognitive schema Define the internal working model

Answer 27

First attachment creates an internal working model (**cognitive schema**) which is the foundation for future attachments

Question 28

# Sensitive period, monotropy (one primary attachment) Explain Bowlby (1969) theory of attachment

Answer 28

* Bowlby proposed attachment is via the evolutionary explanation * Suggested there is a sensitive period around 1-3 years where the infant develop a special attachment to an individual * Infant become closely attached with individual who responds best, leading to infant having one priamry attachment object (**monotropy**)

Question 29

# proximity? imitation How does attachment promote survival

Answer 29

* Maintaining proximity * Opportunity for learning through imitation

Question 30

# phase 1, 2 and 3, seperation and stranger anxiety, stages (discriminate) What are Bowlby phase (development) of attachment

Answer 30

* Phase 1 (birth to 8 weeks) - Infant is in **indiscrimate stage**, Infant are friendly towards others * Phase 2 (8 weeks to 6 months) - Infant signal and orientation are directed towards one or more special people and starting to have a prefrence for a certain caregiver * Phase 3 (6 months to 2 years) - **Discriminate stage,** infant display **stranger anxiety** and **seperation anxiety**

Question 31

# Age, temperament, quality of care Explain factors that influence the development of attachment

Answer 31

* **Age of child** - Bowlby proposed if attachment isn't formed between 1-3 years old attachment after that will not develop normally * **Child temparament** - Make it easier or harder to form attachments * **Quality of care** - Sensitivity of caregiver can affect development of attachment, **Ainsworth et al (1974)** suggested attachment is related to the quality of interactions between infant and caregiver

Question 32

# A and B Who developed the Strange situation

Answer 32

Ainsworth and Bell (1970)

Question 33

# Ainsworth and Bell What does the strange situation measure

Answer 33

Measures the differences in infant attachment

Question 34

Explain the 7 stages of the strange situation

Answer 34

1. Caregiver and infant enters room and does not interact with infant unless they seek attention 2. Stranger enters room and talk with caregiver 3. Caregiver leaves and if infant play stranger observes from afar, if the infant is passive stranger interest them in a toy. If infant is showing distress then stranger comforts 4. Caregiver returns stranger leaves 5. After infant play caregiver leaves 6. Stranger re enters the room and does the same thing in step 3 7. Caregiver returns and the stranger leaves

Question 35

What are the aims of the strange situation

Answer 35

Strange situation procedure places infant under stress in order to observe **4 types of characterics**

Question 36

Explain the 4 behaviour observed in the strange situation

Answer 36

* **Seperation anxiety** - securely attached child shows some anxiety * **Willigness to explore** - securely attached child will explore more when caregiver present * **Stranger anxiety** - The degree of secuirty of attachment related to degree of stranger anxiety * **Reunion behaviour** - insecure attached infant may ignore caregiver return

Question 37

# Strange situation What type of study was Main et al (1985) doing

Answer 37

Longitudinal study

Question 38

Explain Main et al (1985) research on the strange situation

Answer 38

* Infant before 18 months assessed with mother and father * When the children were 6 they re tested and found consistency in **security in attachment** for both parents * Secure babies **100%** were securely attached to both parents at 6 * **75%** of avoidant babies were reclassfed as avoidant at age 6

Question 39

Explain secure attachment

Answer 39

* Infant show **anxiety** when caregiver leaves but **easily soothed** and greet caregiver with enthuasim * Infant play **independently** and go back to caregiver for re assurance * Related to healthy cognitive development and emotional

Question 40

Explain avoidant attachment

Answer 40

* Infant does not display stranger anxiety and shows no difference when caregiver leaves * Infant actively avoids contact with caregiver

Question 41

# organisation? What is the fourth type of attachment Main and Solomon (1986) came up with

Answer 41

**Disorganised attachment** - no set patterns of behaviour at sepration or reunion

Question 42

# VJ, KK (1991) Who studied attachment style of infant in the USA, Israel, Japan and Germany

Answer 42

Van Ijzendoorn and Koren Karie (1991)

Question 43

# Secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant (USA, Israel, Japan, germa What are the findings of attachment style within different cultures

Answer 43

* **American child** - **71%** secure attachment, **12%** insecure reistant and **17%** insecure avoidant * **Israeli children** - **62%** secure attachment, **32%** insecure resistant, 5% insecure avoidant * **Japenese children** - **68%** secure attachment, **32%** insecure resistant and few insecure avoidant * **German children** - **40%** securely attached, **49%** insecure avoidant, **11%** insecure resitant

Question 44

# Sample size of chinese infant, based on US Culture therefore? Explain a few criticsm to culture variation in the strange situation

Answer 44

* Some sample sizes were smal for example chinese infants **36** were used so it can't really be generalised to the whole population * The strange situation was based on US culture and observed behaviour might have different meaning from other cultures * Procedure use for SS was developed in one culture and may not be valid for others

Question 45

What is seperation

Answer 45

Child is seperated from the attachment figure for a short period of time

Question 46

What is maternal deprivation

Answer 46

Infant forms a bond with caregiver but experinces a loss so the bond is broken

Question 47

Why is continuous 'maternal care' necessary according to Bowlby

Answer 47

Important for congnitive and emotional development

Question 48

# Clingy? realationship? What are the long term effects of maternal deprivation

Answer 48

* Seperation anxiety - expressed as clingy behaviour * Can affect futurue relationships

Question 49

What is maternal privation

Answer 49

Child has never been able to form a close relationship between a caregiver

Question 50

# Rutter Explain the Romanian orphange experiment and the aim

Answer 50

* Rutter took a random sample of 165 Romanian children who spent their early lives in an instituation in which condition were very poor * His aim was to examine the extent to which children could recover when extreme deprivation in early life is followed by a middle childhood within a safe family environment

Question 51

# 111 Romanian children adopted in England (2) compared with 52 in England What were the findings of the adopted children with deprivation or privation Rutter (2007)

Answer 51

* Initally children suffered from **poor health** and had **behavioural issues** * Romanian children had poor physical health and an average IQ of **63** and when they were re tested again at ages of 4, 6 and 11 the average IQ before those adopted the age of 6 months gone from **63 to 107**. But those adopted after 6 months IQ went from **45 to 90**

Question 52

# Romanian orphans adopted by Canadian families one control and two diff Another study conducted in Canda looked at similar Romanian, what are the three groups and explain findings

Answer 52

1. Canadian children who had not been adopted 2. Group of Romanian children whos age was **18 and a half month** 3. Group of Romanian children who were adopted **before 4 motnhs old** * Researcher found no difference in attachment between group 1 and 3 but attachment difficulties in group 2

Question 53

What is the intenal working model and the particular beleifs (3 things)

Answer 53

* Set of expecation and beleifs about self others and the realtionship between self and others 1. Own and other people behaviour 2. Whether or not I'm loveable and worthy of Love 3. Whether or not others will help and support me

Question 54

Why is the internal working model important

Answer 54

* Used in future years to develop other relationships * Important for key parenting skills in later life