1
Q
Definition of reciprocity
A
Both caregiver and baby respond to each other’s signal’s which elicits a response from the other. E.g. A toddler having a conversation that includes waiting listening and responding with their parent.
2
Q
Definition of interactional synchrony
A
The caregiver and the baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a co-ordinated (synchronised) way. E.g. a baby copying the faces their mother makes at them.
3
Q
Why is reciprocity important for attachment?
A
It forms the basis of the attachment between caregiver and infant as well as acting as a precursor to communication
4
Q
Why is interactional sychrony important for attachment?
A
It allows the caregiver to be emotionally attuned to their child through nonverbal behaviours which improves attachment as well as providing a basis for empathy.
5
Q
Definition of stages of attachment
A
A sequence of qualitatively different behaviours which link to specific ages. All babies go through them in the same order.
6
Q
Definition of multiple attachment
A
Attachments to two or more people, often developed by babies after one strong attachment has been formed to one of their carers.
7
Q
When is the asocial stage?
A
1st stage, first few weeks of life
8
Q
When is the indiscriminate attachment stage?
A
2nd stage, from 2 to 7 months
9
Q
When is the specific attachment stage?
A
3rd stage, from around 7 months
10
Q
When is the multiple attachment stage?
A
4th stage, shortly after first attachment
11
Q
What behaviours are exhibited in the asocial stage? (3)
A
- similar towards inanimate objects and people
- signs of preference towards people over objects
- preference towards familiar people and more easily comforted by them
12
Q
What behaviours are exhibited in the indiscriminate attachment stage? (5)
A
- more obvious observable social behaviours
- clear preference for people over objects
- recognising and preferring familiar people
- accept cuddles and comfort from anyone
- no separation or stranger anxiety
13
Q
What behaviours are exhibited in the specific attachment stage? (3)
A
- anxiety towards strangers, especially without attachment figure
- anxiety when separated from attachment figure
- specific attachment to a primary attachment figure
14
Q
What behaviours are exhibited in multiple attachment phase?
A
They extend their attachment behaviour to multiple people who they regularly spent time with called secondary attachments.
15
Q
4 details of Schaffer and Emersons stages of attachment study
A
- 60 babies (mostly even gender split)
- conducted visits to babies and mothers in their own home
- visited every month for the first year then again at 18 months
- Working class mothers from Glasgow 1960s
16
Q
Definition of proximity
A
People try to stay physically close to those they are attached to
17
Q
Definition of separation anxiety
A
People are distressed when an attachment figure leaves their presence
18
Q
Definition of secure-base behaviour
A
Even when we are independent, we tend to make regular contact with our attachment figures. We regularly return to them while playing so they are a base from which to explore.
19
Q
Definition of stranger anxiety
A
The infant is distressed when in close proximity to strangers.
20
Q
Definition of reunion behaviour
A
the infant shows pleasure when reunited with the attachment figure.
21
Q
3 details of Meltzoff and Moore interactional synchrony study
A
- observed infants as young as two weeks old
- one of three distinct expressions were displayed by the adult
- infant’s response was filmed and identified by independent observers who were unaware of the aim
22
Q
Results of Melzoff and Moore’s study (3 points)
A
- An association was found between the expression or gesture the adult had displayed and the actions of the babies.
- the behaviour was innate as they did the study on three-day old babies
- Melzoff suggested interactional synchrony is used to acquire an understanding of what other people are thinking and feeling for social relationships.
23
Q
Strength of Melzoff and Moore (SE)
A
Isabella et al high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality of mother-infant attachment.
24
Q
Strength of Melzoff and Moore (RM x2 )
A
- Prevented investigator effects with independent observers.
- Controlled the independent variable with operationalised behavioural categories
25
Weaknesses of Melzoff and Moore x2
- Socially sensitive with consequences for working mothers
- Can't work out why it occurred or if it was a involuntary movement
26
Between 25-32 weeks (6-8 months) how many babies showed separation anxiety and reunion behaviour towards a particular adult?
About 50%
27
What did Schaffer and Emersons study find about reciprocity?
Attachment tended to be to the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to the infants’ signals and facial expression (reciprocity).
28
What % of babies' first specific attachment was to the mother?
65%
29
What % of babies' joint specific attachment was to the mother?
30%
30
What % of babies' first specific attachment was to the father?
3%
31
What % of babies' joint specific attachment was to the father?
27%
32
By 40 weeks (10 months) what % of babies has specific attachment to the primary care giver?
80%
33
By 40 weeks (10 months) what % of babies displayed multiple attachment?
Almost 30%
34
What % of infants studied had an attachment formed with the father by the age of 18 months.
75%
35
Weakness of Schaffer and Emerson (x3)
- historical and social context created bias (1960s working class) so stages cant be generalised
- babies mostly immobile in asocial stage so little observable behaviour
- collectivist cultures expect more multiple attachments than individualist cultures
36
Strength of Schaffer and Emerson (x2)
- babies behaviour probs not affected by observers as it was **naturalistic** and carried out by parents
- **longitudinal** study increases internal validity as there isn't participant bias.
37
Already learnt evidence that can be used for role of the father
- 3% of PAF were fathers
- 27% of joint attachment figures were fathers
- 75% of infants were attached to their father by 18 months
38
What did Grossman find about the role of the father?
Quality of father’s play with infants is related to quality of adolescent attachments.
39
What did Field find about the role of the father?
Through observed interactions between infants and their primary caregiver mothers or fathers, she found that primary caregivers, regardless of gender, were
more attentive towards the infant and spent more time holding and smiling at them.
40
What did Freeman et al find about the role of the father?
Freeman et al. found that male children are more likely to prefer their father as an attachment figure than female children.
41
How did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg get their results?
van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s analysis looked at 32 studies each of which tested attachment in a particular and different population.
42
What trend did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs find about secure attachment?
| Bowlby addition
In all countries, secure attachment was the most common attachment type (from 50% in China to 75% in Britain). Therefore, secure attachment is the norm in numerous cultures supporting Bowlby’s suggestion that attachment is innate and universal.
43
What trend did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs about Ainsworth study?
The average results were consistent with Ainsworth’s original study - 65% secure, 21% insecure-avoidant, 14% insecure-resistant (Ainsworth = 70% secure, 15% insecure-avoidant, 15% insecure-resistant).
44
What trend did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's find about insecure-resistant attachment?
Insecure-resistant was overall the least common attachment type (3% in Britain to 30% in Israel)
45
What results did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's about insecure-avoidant attachment?
Insecure-avoidant was most common in Germany (35%) and least in Japan (5%)
46
What conclusion were made based of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
Cultural practices have an influence on attachment types - individualist cultures bring up their children as more independent (e.g. Britain have highest % secure, with more insecure-avoidant than insecure-resistant; Germany have a high % of insecure-avoidant and small % of insecure-resistant) and collectivist cultures may focus on higher dependent behaviours (e.g. Japan have higher insecure-resistant and low % of insecure-avoidant).
47
What was discovered about cultural variation from Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
Variations were 1.5 times greater within the same culture than between cultures.
48
What is the definition of seperation?
The child is not in the presence of the primary attachment figure. Brief separations, particularly where the child is with a substitute caregiver don't have a significant impact on development.
49
What is the definition of deprivation?
The child loses an element of the primary attachment figure's emotional care, without a suitable substitute. This then becomes an issue for development.
50
What is the order of Bowlby's deprivation model (7 steps)
Deprivation -> monotropy -> critical period ->irreversibility ->Low IQ and intellectual disability -> affectionless psychopathy -> internal working model
51
What was the aim of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
To examine the link between affectionless psychopathy (characterised by criminal behaviour) and maternal deprivation
52
What was the procedure of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
A sample of 44 criminal teenagers who were accused of stealing. The participants were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy (lack of affection, guilt about their actions and empathy for their victims). Their families were interviewed to establish if there was prolonged early separation (deprivation) from their mothers. A control group of 44 non-criminal teenagers, with emotional problems, were all assessed to see how often maternal deprivation occurred to the children who were not thieves.
53
What were the results of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
14 out of the 44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths (vs 0 in control) and 17 out of the 44 had maternal separation (vs 2 in control). Of the 14 that were affectionless, 12 also had experienced prolonged separation (deprivation) in the first two years of life.
54
2 weaknesses of 44 thieves study?
- Investigator bias: Bowlby carried out the assessments for affectionless psychopathy and the family interviews, knowing what he hoped for.
- Correlation: there could have been many other factors affecting their psychopathy (DNA) and a correlation has no cause and effect.
55
What is disinhibited attachment?
A form of **insecure** attachment where children are equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well and strangers. They may also be attention-seeking and clingy.
56
What are 7 effects of institutionalisation?
- Physical underdevelopment
- disinhibited attachment
- intellectual underfunctioning/low IQ
- quasi-autism
- poor parenting
- Emotional functioning
- Lack of internal working model
57
What are the main differences of an institutional upbringing
- less toys
- bored
- no attachment figure
- not cared for well
- less social interacts
58
What did Rutter's study investigate?
The affect of institutions on 165 children from Romanian orphans who were adopted into the Uk at different ages.
59
What did Rutter's study find about the children when first adopted?
When they first arrived in the UK, half of the adoptees showed signs of intellectual disability disorder, and the majority were severely malnourished.
60
What amount of children were adopted at what age in Rutter's study?
111 were adopted before 2
54 were adopted before 4
61
What was the procedure of Rutter's study?
Physical, cognitive and emotional development of the Romanian orphans were assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years (longitudinal study). Information was also gathered in interviews with parents and teachers. A group of 52 children adopted around the same time in Britain served as a control group. These children were adopted before the age of six months.
62
What did Rutter's study find about the children by the age of four?
By the age of four, some of the children had caught up with their British counterparts. This was true for almost all of the Romanian children adopted before the age of six months.
63
What did Rutter's study find about the children developmentally by the age of 11?
At age 11, the adopted children showed differential rates of recovery that were related to their age of adoption. The mean IQ was highest in those adopted before the age of six months and lowest for those adopted after two years. (102 vs 86 vs 77) These differences remained at age 16.
64
What did Rutter's study find about the children in terms of attachment?
There appeared to be a difference in outcome related to whether adoption took place before or after six months. Those children adopted after six months showed signs of **disinhibited attachment**. Symptoms include attention-seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults. In contrast, those adopted before the age of six months rarely displayed disinhibited attachment.
65
What was the aim of Hazan and Shaver's study?
To see whether the type of attachment with the primary caregivers affected later romantic relationships.
66
What were the results of the attachment types in Hazan and Shaver's study?
* 56% were securely attached, 25% insecure-avoidant, and 19% insecure-resistant.
67
What was the procedure of Hazan and Shaver's study?
A 'love quiz' - self report questionnaire with multiple choice questions on attachment with parents and attitudes towards romantic relationships.
68
What was the correlation found in Hazan and Shaver's study?
A positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences.
69
What was the results about the successes of different attachment types in Hazan and Shaver's study?
- Secure attachments were most likely to have good and longer lasting romantic experiences.
- Insecure-avoidant tended to reveal jealousy and fear of intimacy.
- Insecure-resistants tended to fall in love easily but found it difficult to find true love.
70
What did the results of Hazan and Shaver's study suggest about attachment types?
Patterns of attachment behaviour are reflected in adult romantic relationships, supporting the internal working model and continuity hypothesis.
71
What did McCarthy find about attachment types later relationships?
Secure: best adult romantic relationships and friendships
Insecure-avoidant: problems with intimacy
Insecure-resistant: particular problems
Psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
-
Ethics18
-
Sampling techniques18
-
Variables7
-
Extraneous and confounding variables10
-
Types of experiments13
-
Experimental design12
-
Data analysis26
-
Memory Studies78
-
Memory models39
-
Observational techniques32
-
Features of science15
-
Intro to statistical testing33
-
Approaches19
-
Psychopathology26
-
Schizophrenia39
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Attachment71
-
Aggression58
-
Biopsychology15
-
psychological report14
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relationship eval2
