attachment

Question 1

learning theory of attachment- cupboard love- classical conditioning

Answer 1

1. food causes the natural response of please
2. the mother is always present with the food
3. after several repetitions, baby associates mother with food
4. once this happens the mother begins to have the same effect of pleasure on the baby- at this point they’ve become conditioned

Question 2

operant conditioning- learning theory of attachment- cupboard love

Answer 2

positive- crying leads to response, infant receives positive reinforcement- after repetition, the infant learns to direct their crying towards their caregiver
negative- the noise of an infant crying is unpleasant to a caregiver, through comfort the caregiver aims to stop the infant from crying- therefore the act of providing comfort is negatively reinforced as it removes the unpleasant stimuli of an infant crying

Question 3

learning theory of attachment- cupboard love- drive reduction

Answer 3

primary drives- biological needs such as food, water warmth etc
secondary drives- our need for things that help us achieve our primary drives eg. money to get food

Question 4

sears et al- drive reduction theory applied to attachment

Answer 4

-food acts as the primary drive for the infant
- the secondary drive becomes the attachment to the caregiver, who gives the infant access to food

Question 5

Mary Ainsworth- the strange situation- aim

Answer 5

to investigate the security of attachment in 1-2 year olds using the strange situation paradigm

Question 6

Ainsworth- the strange situation- what type of experiment was it?

Answer 6

controlled overt observation

Question 7

Ainswoth- the strange situation- procedure

Answer 7

1- caregiver and baby enter, caregiver sits and reads a magazine, baby is placed on the floor to play/explore
2- stranger enters and attempts to play with the infant
3- caregiver leaves, infant and stranger are now alone, if the child becomes upset the stranger will attempt to comfort
4-mother returns, stranger leaves
5-mother leaves infant is alone
6-stranger enters, attempts to play with/ comfort the infant
7- mother returns, stranger leaves

Question 8

Ainsworth- the strange situation- findings

Answer 8

secure attachment- 66%
insecure avoidant attachment- 22%
insecure resistant attachment- 12%

Question 9

Ainsworth the strange situation findings- secure attachment

Answer 9

-66%
- infant has a harmonious and cooperative relationship with their primary attachment
- separation anxiety- less likely to have, would cry after prolonged separation
- reunion behaviour: would seek close bodily contact with their primary attachment and be quickly soothed
-secure base-happy to explore and engage in social interaction whilst using their primary attachment as a secure base
-stranger anxiety- high anxiety when alone however friendly when mother is present

Question 10

Ainsworth the stranger situation findings- insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 10

• 22%
• avoidant/ anxious of their attachment to their primary caregiver
• separation anxiety- little to no response to the separation
• reunion behaviour- did not seek proximity on reunion
• secure base:happy to explore with or without the mother present, demonstrated random outburst of anxious and angry behaviour whilst exploring
  -stranger anxiety- behaved as usual with stranger present both the stranger and the mother were equally effective at calming the infant

Question 11

Ainsworth the strange situation findings- insecure resistant attachment

Answer 11

-12%
-had a mixed attachment to their mother- both sought out and rejected intimacy
- separation anxiety- immediate and intense distress on separation
- reunion behaviour- sought proximity but showed resistance to being picked up and comforted
- secure base: showed very little willingness to explore, any distance from mother led to crying
- stranger anxiety- attempts to avoid all contact with stranger, demonstrates fearful behaviours towards the stranger

Question 12

Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory- maternal deprivation

Answer 12

the emotional and intellectual consequences of a separation between a child and their primary caregiver

Question 13

Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory- separation

Answer 13

child is not in the presence of their primary caregiver

Question 14

Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory- deprivation

Answer 14

child has lost the care their primary attachment usually provides

Question 15

Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory- critical period

Answer 15

if an infant suffers long term separation without suitable care (deprivation) during the critical period then psychological harm is inevitable and irreversible

Question 16

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory- deprivation effect’s what two types of development?

Answer 16

-intellectual
-emotional

Question 17

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory- Effects on intellectual development

Answer 17

• prolonged lateral deprivation causes mental retardation
• IQ below 70
• takes longer for growing children to learn new skills such as rolling over, sitting up, talking, potty training, dressing and feeding themself

Question 18

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory- effects on emotional development

Answer 18

• develop affection less psychopathy
• inability to experience guilt and feel strong emotions for another person
• very difficult to form normal relationships- linked to criminal behaviour

Question 19

romanian orphan studies- effects of institutionalisation- what is institutionalisation?

Answer 19

the effects of living in an institutional setting eg. hospital, prison, orphanage
- usually little emotional care is provided

Question 20

Rutters English and Romanian adoptee study (impact on IQ)- aim

Answer 20

how could good care make up for poor early experiences in poor institutions

Question 21

Rutters English and Romanian adoptee study- Impact on IQ- procedure

Answer 21

• followed 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain
• physical, emotional and cognitive development at 4, 6, 11 and 15 years old
• British children who had been adopted were used as a control group

Question 22

Rutters English and Romanian adoptee study- impact on IQ- findings

Answer 22

• when Romanian children first arrived- signs of mental retardation
  if they were adopted before 6 months- 102 IQ
  6 months- 2years old- 86 IQ
  2 years plus- 77 IQ
• attachment was negatively affected if adopted after 6 months
• disinhibited attachment style

Question 23

Disinhibited attachment style

Answer 23

• equally friendly to people they know and strangers
• an adaption to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period- Romanian orphans may have had 50 caregivers in this timeframe

Question 24

Rutters English and Romanian adoptee study- impact on IQ- conclusion

Answer 24

children adopted before 6 months are able to catch up emotionally and intellectually with the control group (English adoptees)
- children adopted after 6 months are more likely to have low IQ and disinhibited attachment style

Question 25

The Bucharest early intervention project- Zeenah et al- impact on attachment- aim

Answer 25

to determine the long term effects of early institutionalisation on attachment style

Question 26

The Bucharest early intervention project- Zeenah et al- impact on attachment- procedure

Answer 26

assessed attachment in 95 children aged 12-31 months old who had spent most of their lives in institutional care - control group=50 children who had never been in care - attachment type- measure by strange situation

Question 27

The Bucharest early intervention project- Zeenah et al- impact on attachment- findings

Answer 27

-74% of control group= secure - 19% of institutionalised care= secure -65% of institutionalised care= disorganised attachment type- extreme need for closeness and fear of rejection but contradictory behaviours, often aggressive and rejecting towards their caregiver

Question 28

The Bucharest early intervention project- Zeenah et al- impact on attachment- conclusion

Answer 28

early institutionalisation my reduce he chance of an infant developing a secure attachment and increase the risk of developing a disorganised attachment

Question 29

the effect of early attachment on later adult relationships- main assumption

Answer 29

if a child is securely attached as an infant they are likely to have successful, long lasting relationships as an adult

Question 30

the effect of early attachment on later adult relationships- Bowlby

Answer 30

internal working model- a template of expectations about how to relate to others, formed by early experiences with their primary caregiver and the type of attachment formed. he also proposed the 'continuity hypothesis' which suggests infant attachment directly correlates to adult relationships.

Question 31

the effect of early attachment on later adult relationships- kerns

Answer 31

securely attached infants are more likely to have good quality peer relationships in childhood, whilst insecurely attached children are more likely to have difficulties in making and maintaining friendships

Question 32

the effect of early attachment on later adult relationships- Sroufe et al

Answer 32

Minnesota child-parent study- infants who were rated high in social competence during childhood were moe empathetic, popular and felt less isolated- use their internal working model as a template to develop positive relationships

Question 33

the effect of early attachment- Hazan and shaver

Answer 33

love quiz- secure attachment types- more likely to have loving, long lasting relationships insecure avoidant- higher reports of fear of intimacy insecure resistant- higher reports of shorter relationships

Question 34

the effect of early attachment on later adult relationships- Bailey et al

Answer 34

-parenting (2007) attachment toy of 99 moths and their infants, along with the relationship the mothers and their own mothers - vast proportion of mothers had the same attachment type to their infants as they did to their own mothers - supporting the concept of the internal working model influencing parenting styles

Question 35

cultural attachment types- van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg- aim

Answer 35

to investigate the distribution of the three attachment types across different cultures to investigate whether attachment styles are universal, or dependent on cultural influences

Question 36

cultural attachment types- van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg- procedure

Answer 36

- conducted a meta-analysis - looked at the results of 32 studies from eight different countries- germany, britain ,netherlands, sweden, israel, japan, china, US -all together this totalled 1990 strange situations classificications

Question 37

cultural attachment types- van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg- findings- secure attachment

Answer 37

- most common type of attachment in all countries- ranging from 50 to 70% -most common in the UK

Question 38

cultural attachment types- van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg- findings- insecure avoidant

Answer 38

- second most common type of attachment -most common in germany

Question 39

cultural attachment types- van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg- conclusion

Answer 39

- whilst cultural variations do exist, the differences were small -secure attachment was the most prevelant, supporting the theory that a secure attachment is the best,most healthy type - for insecure attachments: individualist cultures= insecure avoidant -collectivist cultures= insecure resistant -cultural practices do play a part in attachments and attachment norms

Question 40

cultural attachment types- van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg- findings- insecure resistant

Answer 40

-least common type of attachment -most common in israel, japan and china

Question 41

caregiver infant interactions are characterised by?

Answer 41

-proximity seeking behaviour- wanting to be close to each other - separation distress- when separated, one or both members display anxiety and distress - secure base behaviour, we try to maintain frequent contact with each other for security

Question 42

what is reciprocity?

Answer 42

define- a form of interaction between two people where by the actions of one elicits a response from the other and visa versa- sustains turn taking. eg.mother smiles, baby smiles back

Question 43

effect of reciprocity on attachment?

Answer 43

high levels of reciprocity are more likely to lead to a secure attachment

Question 44

what is interactional synchrony?

Answer 44

when an infant mirrors the actions of another person as it increases the infants chances of survival. eg. matching facial expressions or biological rhythms

Question 45

Meltzoff and Moore: key study what was the aim?

Answer 45

to examine interactional synchrony in infants

Question 46

Meltzoff and Moore: key study what was the procedure?

Answer 46

using a controlled observation, an adult model displayed one of three facial expressions or a hand gesture. to start with, the child had a dummy placed in their mouth to prevent a facial response. following the display from the adult model, the dummy was removed and the childs expressions were filmed.

Question 47

Meltzoff and Moore: key study what were the findings?

Answer 47

there was an association between the infants behaviour and that of the adult model. later research by Meltzoff and Moore found the same findings in a three day old infant.

Question 48

Meltzoff and Moore: key study what was the conclusion?

Answer 48

these findings suggest that interactional synchrony is innate and reduces the strength of any claim that imitate behaviour is learned.

Question 49

read the evaluation points for Meltzoff and Moore

Answer 49

rewrite them.

Question 50

the role of the father- what is a primary attachment and who is it usually with?

Answer 50

1st attachment infant makes, usually with mother

Question 51

the role of the father- how does this type of attachment develop?

Answer 51

develops with whoever responds to the infants needs most sensitively as infants have an innate drive to survive

Question 52

the role of the father- what is a secondary attachment and who is it usually with?

Answer 52

the second attachment an infant makes, and its usually with the father

Question 53

the role of the father as a primary attachment- when can fathers be the primary caregiver?

Answer 53

- single parent family - 2 fathers - stay at home dad