Attatchment

Question 1

How do children show they’re attached?

Answer 1

• Proximity seeking
• Separation protest/anxiety
• Secure base effect
• Stranger anxiety
• General orientation of behaviour towards primary care giver

Question 2

Describe the ‘secure base effect’ :

Answer 2

The willingness to explore environment in the presence of caregiver. Regular check to ensure carer is there.

Question 3

Describe ‘stranger anxiety’:

Answer 3

Distress if approached by a stranger, not as good as an indicator for attachment as in a known environment the stranger may appear as a novelty and be approached anyway.

Question 4

Give an example of ‘general orientation of behaviour towards primary Caregiver(s)’

Answer 4

Pointing out things to the caregiver

Question 5

Why must attachment be formed?

Answer 5

• Child must see people as individuals and distinguish familiar and unfamiliar.
• Child must be capable of being social.
• Caregiver and child must spend quality time together.
• Both partners must be involved for the attachment to be forged.

Question 6

Describe ‘reciprocity’:

Answer 6

Reciprocity is a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both parties being able to produce response from each other.

Question 7

Give an example of reciprocity:

Answer 7

Smiling is an example of reciprocity. Infant smiles leads to caregiver smiling and vice versa.

Question 8

Describe ‘Interactional Synchrony’:

Answer 8

Form of rhythmic interaction between infant and carer involving mutual focus, reciprocity and mirroring of emotion or behaviour.

It is similar to a conversation.

Question 9

At what ages does each type of attachment form? (Schaffer and Emerson (1964))

Answer 9

Birth-2 months: Indiscriminate attachment.
2-4 months: Beginnings of attachment.
4-7 months: Discriminate attachments.
7-9 months+: Multiple attachment phase.

Question 10

Describe ‘Indiscriminate attachment’:

Answer 10

Similar responses to all objects. Show greater preference for people towards 2 months. Reciprocity and interactional synchrony leads to relationships forming.

Question 11

Describe ‘Beginnings of attachments’:

Answer 11

Infant seeks attention from a number of different individuals. No stranger anxiety yet.

Question 12

Describe ‘Discriminate attachments’:

Answer 12

Infant typically develops a strong attachment to one individual, shows stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.

Question 13

Describe ‘multiple attachment stage’

Answer 13

Baby forms strong emotional ties with other caregivers and non-caregivers such as siblings or other children of similar ages - secondary attachments.

Question 14

What did Heermann et al (1994) find about fathers sensitivity to cues?

Answer 14

Men less sensitive to infant cues than women.

Question 15

What did Frodi et al (1978) find in contradiction to Heermann?

Answer 15

No physiological differences in responses between men and women when shown a video of baby crying.

Question 16

What did Frank et al (1997) find about the role of parents when the father is primary caregiver?

Answer 16

If the father is the primary caregiver the mother and father will share the role of primary caregiver.

Question 17

What did Geiger (1996) find about fathers as secondary attachment figures?

Answer 17

Fathers play a vital role as:

• Playmates to provide challenges.
• Lack of sensitivity to cues works to give children cognitive demands.

Question 18

Describe what was found in Harlow and Harlow (1962)’s Harlow’s monkeys:
(Differences in preference to mother)

Answer 18

• Food giving mother (wire cylinder mother).
• No food giving cloth ‘comfort’ mother.
• Monkey spent most of their time on the towelling covered cylinder.
• Shows contact comfort- attachment behaviour.

Question 19

What was found in Harlow’s monkeys about the interaction between the monkeys raised in Harlow’s experiments and normal monkeys?

Answer 19

• Developed fine physically.
• But the cloth mother could not provide enough ‘love’
• Negatively affected socially and could not interact with other monkeys.
• Difficulty and mating parenting.

Question 20

In Harlow’s monkeys was contact comfort or food comfort preferable?

Answer 20

Contact comfort.

Question 21

Harlow’s four monkeys found:

Answer 21

• Four baby monkeys raised together with no ‘mother’.
• Few months spent huddled together.
• Gradual development of independence.
• Suffered no ill effects as long as they spent time with their monkey peers within the first 3 months.
• Just as effective as mother-infant bond.

Question 22

Lorenz (1935) what did he do?

Answer 22

Lorenz took half of a group of gosling eggs from their mother’s nests and hatched them in an incubator, first thing they saw was Lorenz.

Question 23

What did Lorenz find (1935)?

Answer 23

He found that the goslings imprinted on him.

Question 24

What happened when Lorenz put the goslings by their mother and other chicks?

Answer 24

The goslings raised by him showed no interest in their mother.

Question 25

What was the critical period found by Lorenz (1935)?

Answer 25

Two days critical period.

Question 26

How does attachment form through operant conditioning?

Answer 26

``` UCS=UCR food=pleased Mother becomes associated with food when she gives it to the child. Cs=CR mother=Pleased (but not for jason) ```

Question 27

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: What did it emphasise?

Answer 27

Innate or instinctive attachment.

Question 28

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: what is monotropy?

Answer 28

The innate tendency to form an especially strong attachment to one person. (the primary caregiver) However Bowlby did not deny that children never argued against the idea that children/infants form many attachments. He just held the idea that one attachment was above all others.

Question 29

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: What is the internal working model:

Answer 29

bowlby argued that the first attachment betwen infant and child would give the child a model to base all other relationships off, this would allow for healthy relationships as adults. Also influences some beliefs of the child themselves, i.e. Worthy of love or other beliefs.

Question 30

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: Continuity hypothesis:

Answer 30

The idea that the internal worling model would affect adult relationships.

Question 31

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: What was the critical period for attachment:

Answer 31

The first few years were the crucial time to form an attachment for an infant. Sensitive period of 3 years.

Question 32

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: adaptive attachment:

Answer 32

Bowlby suggested attachment could change and therefore was adaptive.

Question 33

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: why sensitive and not critical?

Answer 33

Sensitive because attachment can be formed at any timeoutside of sensitive period.

Question 34

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: Kagans alternative temperament theory for attachment:

Answer 34

If a child is 'easy-going' they will form stronger attachment than an infant with behavioural problems.

Question 35

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: Evidence to question continuity hypothesis:

Answer 35

Zimmerman found children who suffered the death of a loved one tended to form weaker attachments than usual, suggests that negative input affects the ability to form strong attachments.

Question 36

Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment: support for continuity:

Answer 36

Hazan and shaver found children who had strong attachments went on to form strong attachments. Where as children with weaker attachments go on to form weaker attachments as adults. (love quiz)