What does the cocktail party effect demonstrate?
Unattended info can get through an attenuated filter
A valid endogenous cue will correctly orient attention to the ___________ location
Target
Inhibition of return…
Facilitates attention switching away from a recently cued location
The _______ and latency of successive ERP peaks can be used to measure the _________ of cognitive processing
amplitude/ time - course
What task can assess whether global information interferes with local information?
Navon
Not noticing the Gorilla in the study by Simons & Chabris (1999) is an example of …..
Inattentional blindness
The cocktail party effect is support for which model of attention?
Triesmans filter model
Being slower to respond to a target at a cued location after a delay is called …
Inhibition of return
What technique would be most reliable for assessing whether a fixation cross has been attended before the start of a trial in a cognitive psychology experiment ?
Eye tracking
What will improve the signal-to-noise ratio when assessing attention using ERPs?
Calculate the average ERP signal across multiple trials
What is inatenttional blindness?
Lack of attention that isn’t associated with any visual deficits
e.g. Gorilla, looking is not seeing
What is an endogenous cue?
= part of Posner cueing paradigm
= a symbolic cue that directs attention to a different location in the visual array to the location of the cue
e.g. start fixation on left, then a cue (arrow pointing right), then presentation of stimulus (star on right)
THUS can say that arrow is a valid cue for where the stimulus will appear
e.g. centrally located arrow that points to the right and therefore directs attention to the right hand side of the visual array
What is an exogenous cue?
= part of Posner cueing paradigm
= a cue that appears at a location in the visual array that causes attention to be directed to that location.
e.g. a flash appearing in the periphery of our visual field that then causes us to attend to the location of the flash
Explain how attention can thought of as an information filter?
- infinite amount of things we could be attending to, so selectively filter and attend to whats relevant
e.g. Broadbent (1958) first to explain
then Treismans = built and further developed
What supports Treismans attenuation theory of attention?
The Cocktail Party Effect
= Unattended info can get through an attenuated filter
What type of attention do endogenous and exogenous cues relate to ?
Spatial attention
What is SOA?
Stimulus onset asynchrony
= time between onset of first stimulus and onset of second stimulus
What is ISI?
Inter-stimulus interval
= the time between offset of first stimulus and onset of second stimulus
What is inhibition of return?
mechanism of attention which helps to facilitate attention switching (mechanism of attention that helps us search our visual environments)
What is the Posner Cueing Paradigm?
= endogenous and exogenous cues
= measure manual eye movement reaction times to target stimuli in order to investigate the effects of covert orienting of attention in response to different cue conditions
What is the Navon task?
Can assess whether global information interferes with local information
= when there is a conflict of info
e.g big h made of small s’s, and say s then local info is interfering with global info
- this shows that our spotlight of attention can widen or narrow depending on the task that we are doing
What is feature- based attention?
Integration/ conflict of stimulus features
e.g. the Stroop Task
What is the Stroop Task?
Where you find a letter or a certain coloured letter in a collection of letters
- parallel search= searching whole area simultaneously, answer usually pops out
- conjunctive search= serial search, needing to look through and taking sig longer
- measure= accuracy and reaction time
How does eye tracking investigate attention regarding endogenous and exogenous cues?
- Endogenous cue data= faster to spot the location of cues if the central cue is valid
Happens at a stimulus onset aasynrinies between 50ms-1s = centrally cue can help cue our attention - Exogenous cue data=when small SOA, valid cues makes quicker to spot what was at location
long SOA= slower at spotting what is in the validly cued locations = called inhibition of return
