Autonomic II

Question 1

• What does peripheral nervous system branch into, then the next two
• Somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with…
• Autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system controlling…

Answer 1

• peripheral nervous system branch into somatic and autonomic, somatic branch into sensory and motor while autonomic is para and sympathetic
• Somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control of body movements (skeletal muscle and reflexes
• Autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system controlling visceral functions below the level of consciousness (symp and parasym nervous system)

Question 2

Each division of the autonomic nervous system has two motor neurons
- Pre..
- Post..

• Autonomic ganglionic motor neurons innervate…

There are two main types of neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system:
Cholinergic neurons – what release
Adrenergic neurons – what release

Answer 2

• Preganglionic
  Postganglionic
• Autonomic ganglionic motor neurons innervate visceral effectors (act onorgan function from brain)
• Cholinergic neurons – release acetylcholine
• Adrenergic neurons – release norepinephrine/noradrenalin or epinephrine

Question 3

• The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as what kind of response

Some of the primary functions of the SNS include:
- Increased H…
- Enhance blood f…
- Dilating bronchioles in …
- Increased ca….
- Diverting blood away from…

Answer 3

• fight-or-flight response (increased alertness and metabolism for emergency)
• Increased HR
• Enhance blood flow
• Dilating bronchioles in lungs
• Increased catabolism
• Diverting blood away from GI tract and skin via vasoconstriction (less digestion/urine)

Question 4

Sympathetic

• Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horns of the gray matter, in what vertebral levels
• Preganglionic neurons are cholinergic and release _____
• Postganglionic neurons are adrenergic, release ___, classified as….

Answer 4

• In the sympathetic division, the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horns of the gray matter in the 12 thoracic and first 2 or 3 lumbar segments
• Preganglionic neurons are cholinergic and release Acetylcholine

release Norepinephrine or Epiniephrine and most commonly classified as:
* Alpha-1, Beta-1, Beta-2

Question 5

• What does alpha 1 act on and cause
• What does beta 1 act on and cause
• What does beta 2 act on and cause

Answer 5

• Alpha-1 act on smooth muscle fibres on blood vessels near skin, salivary glands, abdominal viscera
• Causes excitation → constriction

Beta-1 act on cardiac muscle fibres
* Causes excitation → increase rate and force of contractions

Beta-2 act on smooth muscle fibres of the airways and blood vessels serving the heart and skeletal muscles
* Causes inhibition → dilation of airways and vasodilation

Question 6

Overall responses are associated with ”Fight or Flight”

• Increases..

-Decreases..

Answer 6

Increases: Heart Rate, Metabolic Rate, Breathing, Blood Pressure, Alertness, Body Temperature, Perspiration

• Decreases: Digestion, Urinary Outflow

Question 7

• The parasympathetic nervous system is often referred to as what kind of response

Some of the primary functions of the PNS include:
* Decreasing h…
* Decreasing contractility of the _____
* Increase sal….
* Increase ___ and ___ of the gastrointestinal tract
* Increase blood flow to the…

Answer 7

• rest-and-digest response, slows down most body activity
• Decreasing heart rate
• Decreasing contractility of the atria
• Increase saliva production
• Increase motility and tone of the gastrointestinal tract
• Increase blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract

Question 8

• In the parasympathetic division, cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in…
• Preganglionic neurons are cholinergic and release _____
• Postganglionic neurons are cholinergic, release _____

Answer 8

• the nuclei of four cranial nerves (III, VII, IX and X) in the brain stem and in the lateral
  gray matter of sacral segments 2–4 of the spinal cord
• Preganglionic neurons are cholinergic and release Acetylcholine
• Postganglionic neurons are cholinergic and release Acetylcholine

Question 9

Overall responses are associated with ”Rest and Digest”

• Decreases…
• Increases..

Answer 9

• Decreases: Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Metabolic Rate, Breathing, Alertness
• Increases: Digestion, Saliva Production, Urinary Outflow

Question 10

• Sympathetic nervous system, length of ganglion neurons
• parasympathetic nervous system, length of ganglion neurons
• why

Answer 10

• sympathetic nervous system which has relatively short preganglionic
  and long postganglionic neurons
• parasympathetic nervous system typically has preganglionic neurons which are long, with very short postganglionic neurons
• because sympathetic is initial rapid response and parasympathetic is fine tuning, so need short for immediate response

Question 11

• Autonomic tone is…even when system is at rest..
• What is autonomic reflex arc functions (nerve impluses)
• what it is composed of

Answer 11

• autonomic tone is being always primed to work, even when system is at rest, still certain level of innervation
• Functions such as heart rate and force of ventricular contraction, blood pressure and blood vessel diameter are controlled by autonomic reflexes
• the reflex arc is composed of a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating center, motor neurons and an effector, controlling balance