J.S. mill was a defender of _________. What does this mean?
Liberty = the notion that people should be able to defend for themselves
- What are exceptions to autonomy?
- what are the 3 exceptions and give examples
- what about self harm?
- exceptions to autonomy describe situations when it is okay to intervene with someone’s free will/right to choose for themselves. the 3 exceptions are:
- 1) they don’t understand what is happening = we can intervene to educate them. Ex: someone is crossing a bridge we know is about to break, we can tell them not to cross and it is up to them to decide if they want to take the risk
2) they are going to harm you = people are trying to interfere with our autonomy by harming us either mentally or physically (even reputations)
3) they are going to harm others = people are trying to harm another person’s autonomy
- mill doesn’t see this as something we should be intervening with
what are the 4 aspects of autonomy?
- free action
- effective deliberation
- authenticity
- moral reflection
Answer based on free action:
1. what is free action. What are the 2 limits?
2. autonomy is not _________. we must demonstrate our ability to self-_____
3. Explain how other’s evaluate our free action?
- free action = the idea that we choose our actions but they could be limited by internal and external forces.
a) internal = an internal factor affects our free will. Ex: like a medical condition where we cannot speak
b) external = external forces make decisions for us through coercion - automatic, self-rule
- although we have the right to choose for ourselves, how we decide to act can be evaluated from others based on if it was good self judgement. Society sets standards and limits by establishing what is good or bad self-rule
Answer based on effective deliberation
1. what is effective deliberation?
2. good = _________
3. what are 3 reasons for ineffective deliberation?
- effective deliberation = when we make decisions, we put thought into it through reason
- reasoned
- 1) misinformation from others –> lies/deceptions
2) missing information –> other’s forget to give info
3) mental/cognitive issues –> the receiver of the info has a hard time mentally processing
Answer based on authenticity:
1. what is authenticity?
2. being authentic means we are free from ________ and ________ constraints
- authenticity = each of us should be living an authentic existence where we do what we actually want to and other people who have an influence should be cut out
- internal and external
Answer based on moral reflection:
1. what is moral reflection
2. What are some moral reflective questions?
- moral reflection = make choices based on what YOU want but before and after you morally reflect if this is right based on your VALUES
- do you know what you would choose X? Or is it something you have adopted unconsciously and uncritically
What did Janet storch say about respect for autonomy?
that we should only respect people’s autonomy enough to do whatever we can to keep them in command of themselves.
What are the 3 parts to being fully informed in medical matters?
- be reasonably informed
- be allowed to make our own decisions
- have those decisions respected
Why is “fully informed” not a real thing for some people?
- because there is no set standard
- there is a threshold that we cross where the other person knows enough
What are the 4 health care consent act elements of consent?
consent must:
1. relate to the treatment
2. be informed
3. be given voluntary
4. not be obtained through misinterpretation
what information should be given to patients to evaluate before they give their consent? (checklist for consent)
- nature of treatment
- expected benefits
- material risks
- material side effects
- alternative
- consequences
“the physician has the primary responsibility to ensure that such communication (for consent) occurs” Explain this statement
- primary responsibility is the doctor
- there is no stated limit to how much effort should be put in so patients understand what procedure or treatment they are going to grant or decline consent to
- What is the noble lie? Does it apply to yourself?
- community members lied in ___% of their social interactions, students lied ____%
- T/F: lying was more common in face to face chats than phone calls
- ____% of lies were discovered
- T/F: 60% of lies were exaggerations and 10% were deceptions
- T/F: less than 70% of liars would NOT tell their lies again
- T/F: subtle lies (ex: of omission) were most common
- noble lie = lying to benefit the deceived person. lying to save ourselves is not noble
- 20%, 33%
- F. more common in phone calls
- 14%
- 10% were exaggerations, 60% deceptions
- F. more than 70% would lie again
- T.
- what are the 2 types of lies? Explain both with an example
- which type of lie is more common. how many more times common?
- false positives = lying to have a positive effect on the other person. ex: telling someone their food is good even though it sucked so they do not feel bad
false negatives = lying to have a negative effect on the other person. ex: spreading rumours about someone so people think badly of them - false positives are 20-30x more common
Explain lying by commission and omission
commission = to commit to a lie
omission = to leave something out intentionally to create the wrong image in a person’s head
T/F: in lying by omission, everything said was factually not true
F. everything said could be factually true, but you don’t mention one part
What are 3 reasons why autonomy has become such a strong concern in health care?
- history of patient misuse and abuse
- rise of individualism and commercialization
- rise of informed patient
- the health care industry has grown from a more __________ model to a more ___________ patient model
- the traditional view of medicine was to emphasize __________ and truth was dependent on __________ __________.
- paternalistic model to a more autonomous patient model
- beneficence, patient welfare
what drawbacks exists for the 4 aspects of autonomy?
- free action = none
- effective deliberation = limits effectiveness because we cannot know what the decision is really
- authenticity = we are never free of outside control
- moral reflection = we can think about what we could have done differently but we do not know if we were being lied to in the first place
What did the supreme court say about the 1 exception to truth telling?
that we don’t have to tell the truth to a person who has an emotional condition if the truth will cause them harm. Ex: if bad news could put them in a state where they cannot mentally recover or if they cannot handle the truth
- What does the 4 principle ethics checklist allow for?
- What 2 polar dangers does it help us avoid?
- systemic analysis of real bioethical problems
- for people who have no expertise in bioethics
- systemic analysis of real bioethical problems
- avoids moral relativism (any ethics will do) and imperialism (this is the only right way)
_______ and _______ are required for a full moral life and a full moral theory
a) rules and nobility
b) principles and objectives
c) objectives and virtues
d) virtues and principles
e) principles and morals
d)
______ are need to decide which actions are morally obligatory or forbidden and to decide which are morally commendable, undesirable or neutral
principles
