1
Q
Avionics consits of
A
Navigation, Communications, Sensors, Mission system, Displays and controls
2
Q
- Synthetic vision
A
Is 3d imaging
3
Q
- Flight control devices
A
Magnetic compass, altimeter, air speed indicator, directional gyroscope, vertical speed indicator, turning and sliding gyroscope, gyrocompass, position indicator
4
Q
Avionics 4 functions
A
Control measures,
Means of operation,
Navigational aids,
Various other devices
5
Q
- EFIS
A
( Electronic flight instrument system)
6
Q
- Situational information
A
Provide general information
7
Q
- Team information
A
To correct errors made, such as flight director
8
Q
- Status information
A
Additional information such as oxygen, amount of fuel
9
Q
- Devices can also be characterized as
A
o Quantitative data- accurate determined data
o Quality data- directional indicator
o Displaying test data- to check if the given data is within limits
o Settings devices- engine powers or to get the system in sync
o Tracking device- To maintain flight level or speed control
10
Q
- Main devices for flying an aircraft is
A
o Attitude indicator (AI) o Direction indicator (DI) o Barometric altitude, Altimeter(ALT) o Airspeed indicator (ASI) o Vertical speed indicator (VSI) o Turn indicator (TI) o (RPM) (Tachometer)
11
Q
(EICAS)
A
- Engine indicating and crew alerting system
12
Q
- Screens available in front of the pilot
A
o Two primary flight displays (PFD)
o Two navigation displays (ND)
o Engine/Warning displays (EWD)
o System parameter displays (SD)
13
Q
(FDS)
A
- Flight director system
14
Q
What does fds contain
A
o Contains EADI and EHSI
15
Q
(EFIS)
A
- Electronic flight instrument system
16
Q
- PFD has
A
airspeed, height meter, vertical speed meter, landing system
17
Q
- ND displays
A
flight route, compass, or radar weather data
18
Q
- Pedestal is equipped with
A
o Multipurpose control display unit (MCDU) o Radio management panel o Audio control panel o Thrust o Flaps o Spoilers o Engine start o Pitch trim wheel
19
Q
- Avionics bay is usually located at
A
the front of the aircraft and contains all computers that receive information from various sensors.
20
Q
(FCS)
A
2) Flight control system
21
Q
- Three control system architectures
A
o Central
o Distributed
o Federated
22
Q
(AFCS)
A
- Automatic flight control system
23
Q
(SAS)
A
o Stabilization augmentation system
24
Q
- To increase FCS viability
A
it is necessary to distribute the fcs and communication channels within the aircraft
25
- In aviation, communication between the modules and the periphery is usually via the
ARINC bus
26
(ADC)
- Analogue to digital
27
ACE
(Actuator Control Electronic)
28
(LRUs)
- Line Replaceable Units
29
operations modes
```
o Init mode
o Normal mode
o Alternative mode
o Direct mode
o Failsafe mode
o calibration mode
```
30
FMS
- Flight management systems
31
FMS PROVIDES?
o Provides a digital platform for flight and navigation planning;
o Serves on Flight Control;
o Monitors flight modes while providing stability;
o Calculates optimal flight profiles to minimize flight costs;
o Provides automatic control of engine thrust
32
NDB
- Navigation Data Base
33
- NDB can be searched in the
MCDU
34
- MCDU is used for
for flight planning and etc
35
EFIS
- Electronic flight instrument system
36
- Electronic flight instrument system
```
o Character generator(SG)
o Control panel(VP)
o Brightness control(RVE)
o Primary flight viewer (PFD)
o Navigation viewer (ND)
```
37
DFBW
- Digital fly by wire
38
- Digital fly by wire
o FCS;
o Autopilot;
o SID (Standard instrument departure);
o STAR (Standard arrival);
o FEPS (Flight Envelope Protection System);
o TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system);
o GPWS (ground proximity warning system).
39
3) Automatic flight control used for
o Better short-term aircrafts fluctuations
o Stabilize angles of tilt
o Stabilize barometric and geometric flight altitudes
o Set the aircraft on a horizontal flight
o Divert aircraft from dangerous paths
40
- Problems with Autopilot
o Issues with inputs and common errors
o Quorum method is using 4 computers parallel
o Some modes can not be tested on ground due to its complexity
41
- Flight safety
flight envelope protection system
42
- Advantages of the DFBW system
o It has completely replaced cables, springs, pistons, and sensors made it way lighter
o It gave designers better flexibility in design, size, and layout of components
o System is smaller and more reliable
o Could be electrically transmitted without distortion
o Temperature changes have little effect on electrical alarms
o Easily installed and repaired
o Sufficient and safer
o Very accurate and smooth response on demands
o Gave new features that was not possible with pure mechanics
o Easy to modify architecture as of the relevant software (SW)
43
- Disadvantages of dfbw
o Initial cost and complexity of such systems
o Make smaller aircrafts cost more
o Increased sensitivity to high intensity electromagnetic field
44
5) Air data measuring instruments
- Air data devices or aerometric devices are aviation devise preforming measurements
- Are done by calculating the static pressure and the air resistance using pitot tube
45
- Airdata Contains four elements
o Primary information sensor
o Measuring element
o Connector which strengthens and transmit these signals
o The display element
46
- Sylphons
widely distributed membrane looking to get large deformation in pressure changes
47
- Tubular springs
thin-walled curved tubes, under pressure it changes shape
48
- Pilot-static system
Its purpose to constant supply the full air pressure and static resistance
49
- Air data computer-
o Altitude module;
o Device’s air speed (IAS) module;
o Altitude change module;
o Mach number module;
50
- Five different types of altitude measurements
o True Altitude- Above Sea level
o Indicated Altitude – The altitude shown on the altimeter
o Pressure Altitude- On the standard datum plane used above 34000
o Absolute Altitude- The altitude above a terrain
o Density Altitude- the imaginary box we set and see the density in
51
- Altimeter error
```
o Mechanical error placed wrong
o Inherent error could be position error or scale error
o Hysteresis
o Reversal errors
o Pressure error
```
52
- Altimeter influencing factors
o Mountain effect
o Downdraft and turbulence
o Pressure drop
53
6) Speed indicator
- Indicated Air Speed Vi
- Calibrated airspeed Vc
- The true airspeed V
- Ground speed
- Modern air speed indicators
54
- Compass errors
o Acceleration error
o Turning errors
o temperature variation
55
- Radar system components
o Electromagnetic wave pulse emission and reception method;
o The method of controlling and scanning such a pulse in both the horizontal and vertical planes;
o The method of mapping the result to the pilot;
o Radar operation control method.
56
VOR
(Very High Frequency Omni Directional Radio Range)
57
- Two versions VOR radio beacons
o Operating distance of about 370 km at the flight altitude of 8-10 km. They are intended to ensure the flights of air routes
o Operating range of about 40 km. They are designed for airports.
58
DME
(Distance Measuring Equipment)
59
8) ILS
Instrument landing system
60
- MLS
Microwave landing system
61
- ILS category
o Category I system, which allows for landings at not less than 60 m height above the runway
o ILS Category II allows the landing when the decision height is 30 m and the distance to the beginning of the runway is 350 m.
o ILS Category III, the aircraft lands in automatic mode. In this mode, there is no decision-making altitude, and distance to the beginning of the runway has to be less than 250 m by category IIIa or 50-250 m for the category IIIc
62
- Differences MLS, ILS
- Unlike ILS, which required a variety of frequencies to broadcast the various signals, MLS used a single frequency, broadcasting the azimuth and altitude information one after the other.
63
Influence of satellite altitude
```
o Ionosphere
o Satellite elevation height
o Influence of water vapor
o Satellite and receiver clock errors
o Multi-path propagation
```
64
- GLONASS
. It is a Russian satellite navigation system. Is sold by Russia and has a higher accuracy then normal GPS
65
- COMPASS (Bei Dou)
It is a Chinese navigation system consisting of two different groups of satellites
66
10) Types of antennas
o Dipolar
o Markoni
o Loop
67
11) Types of radio communication
o Simplex
| o Duplex
