Aves

Question 1

what are the 4 pre adaptions in theropods that allowed flight to happen

Answer 1

• feathers
• pneumatized bones
• endothermy
• strong legs

Question 2

what are features birds share with reptiles

Answer 2

diapsid
- single occipital condyle
- epidermal scales
- oviparious
- gizzard in digestive system

Question 3

what are features both birds and theropods share?

Answer 3

• feathers
• synsacrum
• pnuematized bones
• fulcra
• static lungs with air sac

Question 4

what are the derived features of birds

Answer 4

• feather covering majority of body
• edentulous
• sternal keel
• reduced reproductive system

Question 5

what is the issue with bird phylogeny

Answer 5

it is hard to figure out which is the common ancestor because there is so much diversity so they decided to go with hard polytomy

Question 6

how do the muscles and bones work to produce flight

Answer 6

downstroke (more powerful)
- the pectoralis major pulls down the humerus
upstroke
- the fulcra holds the energy of the downstroke and releases during the upstroke while the supracoracodeus contracts

Question 7

how do the feathers aid in flight

Answer 7

• they can do the upstroke without creating down pressure

Question 8

what are types of feathers and how do they help?

Answer 8

down
- thermal regulation
wing and tail
- asymmetrical and symmetrical for flight dynamics
contour
- creates an aerodynamic surface

Question 9

describe at least 2 ways birds get their colour

Answer 9

• pigment absorbs all but one specific wavelength

Question 10

understand the main reproductive adaption of birds

Question 11

what were the skeletal changes from basal theropods to modern moderns and what were the roles of it