Axial

Question 1

is a thin sheet-like muscle that has its origin in the fascia covering the pectoral muscles, and its insertion on the skin and muscle at the corner of the mouth. I think of it as an accessory pouting muscle because it pulls the lower lip back and down causing the mouth to sag. It also tenses the skin covering the neck. All the muscles of facial expression are innervated by cranial nerve VII, aptly called the facial nerve, EXCEPT for the levator palpebrae superioris which is innervated by cranial nerve III, the occulomotor.

Answer 1

The platysma

Question 2

Perpendicular to the midline

Answer 2

transverse

Question 3

• Muscles that oppose or perform the reverse activity of the prime mover are called ___
• When a prime mover is contracting, the __ must be relaxed or stretch.
• also prevent “overshoot” of the movement by helping to slow down the prime mover.

Answer 3

antagonists

Question 4

has its origin on the styloid process of the temporal bone. It retracts the tongue.

Answer 4

styloglossus

Question 5

is a small muscle that draws the eyebrows together and downward. It wrinkles the skin of the forehead as in frowining.

Answer 5

The corrugator supercilii

Question 6

__ __have short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon. They have a feather-like arrangement to their fascicles (___ comes from penna which means feather).

Answer 6

Pennate muscles

Question 7

Muscles that have their fascicles arranged in a circular pattern of concentric rings usually surround external openings to the body. These muscles are called ___. When these muscles contract, they close the opening. Examples would include the muscles that surround the eyes and mouth.

Answer 7

sphincters

Question 8

Larynx, thyroid gland, hyoid bone, common carotid artery and external jugular vein

Answer 8

anterior triangle

Question 9

A muscle that is providing the major force for a particular movement is called the ___.

Answer 9

prime mover or agonist

Question 10

• Side-to side grinding movements
• protrudes the mandible as well as functioning in side-to-side jaw movements. All of the muscles of mastication move the jaw at the temporomandibular joint or TMJ.

Answer 10

lateral pterygoid

Question 11

the effort is applied at one end of the lever, the load is at the other and the fulcrum is in between.

Applied force and resistance are on opposite sides of the fulcrum

Examples of common __ __ that you have encountered in your life outside of A&P include seesaws and scissors.

Answer 11

first-class levers

Question 12

• Deep to the sternocleidomastoid are the ___ which are muscles of the posterior triangle, and have their origins on the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
• have their origins on the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and their insertion of the first and second ribs. The anterior ____ muscles are superficial to the middle and posterior ___ when the body is viewed from the anterior. The middle ___ muscles are the longest of the three, and the posterior___ are the smallest. Working together these muscles flex, laterally flex and rotate the head. They also can function in forced or deep breathing. By pulling the ribs toward the head, the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased thus assisting with forced inspiration. Forced breathing occurs when exercising or under pathological conditions involving diseases of the lungs.

Answer 12

scalenes

Question 13

• When dissecting muscles, you may be directed to cut through the “___” of a muscle and reflect it so you can view deeper muscle groups.
• The “___” of a muscle is the meaty or thickest part of the muscle that usually lies midway between the muscle’s tendon attachments.

Answer 13

belly

Question 14

has its origin on the ligamentum nuchae which is a strong, elastic ligament extending from the occipital bone along the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae binding them together and inhibiting excessive head and neck flexion which prevents damage to the spinal cord. It inserts on the occipital bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone. Its action is to extend, laterally flex, and rotate the head.

Answer 14

The splenius capitis

Question 15

lies superficial to the frontal bone. It inserts on the skin just above orbit (eyebrows); it raises the eyebrows (surprise), and horizontally wrinkles the skin of the forehead. The occipital belly (occipitalis) has its origin on the occipital and temporal bones and pulls the scalp posteriorly.

Answer 15

The frontal belly or frontalis

Question 16

which are below the hyoid bone.

Answer 16

the infrahyoid muscles

Question 17

___ __ have their fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle. These muscles can be flat straps like many of the muscles in our necks or can be spindle shaped (fusiform) with an expanded belly (like the biceps brachii muscle we discussed in the previous slide).

Answer 17

Parallel muscles

Question 18

widens the throat for swallowing and is innervated by the first cervical nerve.

Answer 18

The geniohyoid

Question 19

Means straight so a muscle with the word ___ in it means the fibers run parallel to the midline.

Answer 19

rectus

Question 20

is an antagonist to the zygomaticus which means it draws the corners of the mouth down and laterally as when you are sad.

Answer 20

the depressor anguli oris

Question 21

Diagonal to the midline

Answer 21

oblique

Question 22

• Most movements are the result of combined activities of muscle groups that work together to create precise or steady movements. The muscles that are assisting the prime mover are called __.
• They prevent instability, unwanted movements and help the prime mover to work more efficiently.

Answer 22

synergists

Question 23

then has its origin on the internal surface of the mandible and its insertion at the bottom of the tongue and body of the hyoid bone. It functions mainly to protrude the tongue (stick your tongue out).

Answer 23

The genioglossus

Question 24

___ has its origin on the maxilla and its insertion on the aponeurosis over the nose. It flares the nostrils.

Answer 24

The nasalis

Question 25

The orbits are surrounded by a tripartite (having 3 parts) muscle called the\_\_ __ . This muscle is a sphincter and its job is to protect the eyes from bright light & foreign objects. It functions in blinking and squinting, and closes the “eye”.

Answer 25

orbicularis oculi

Question 26

Deltoid = triangular Deltoid Trapezius = trapezoid Trapezius Serratus = saw toothed Serratus anterior Rhomboideus = diamond shaped Rhomboideus major Orbicularis = circular Orbicularis oculi Pectinate = comblike Pectineus Piriformis = pear-shaped Piriformis Platys = flat Platysma Quadratus = square Quadratus femoris Gracilis = slender Gracilis

Question 27

draws the corner of the lip laterally & tenses the lips.

Answer 27

The risorius

Question 28

We will consider only the larger extrinsic tongue muscles. All of these muscles are innervated by cranial nerve XII, the ___ \_\_ . Hint: any word that has the term “glossus” in it has something to do with the tongue, and words that contain “genio” are referring to the chin (actually mandible).

Answer 28

the hypoglossal nerve

Question 29

* is a useful superficial anatomical landmark because it divides the structures in the neck into anterior and posterior triangles. * is a two-headed muscle with its origins on the sternum and clavicle and insertion on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. * This muscle is the prime mover of head flexion when both sides contract at the same time. It also moves the head from side to side when only one side contracts—it tilts the head to the side that’s contracting.

Answer 29

The sternocleidomastoid

Question 30

* One of the prime movers of jaw closure * elevates mandible * strongest muscle of mastication

Answer 30

masseter

Question 31

the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is located at the other, with the load between them. This type of lever system is used when you carry a load in a wheelbarrow or when you stand on your toes. __ \_\_ are power levers. The resistance lies between the applied force and the fulcrum.

Answer 31

second-class lever systems

Question 32

is a sphincter surrounding the mouth, but it is multilayered with fibers running in multiple directions as well as circularly. This muscle closes, purses, and protrudes the lips as in kissing or whistling. It is also important for forming words in speech.

Answer 32

The orbicularis oris

Question 33

* are those that have their origin outside of the organ, but their insertion and action on that organ * The __ \_\_ of the tongue anchor and move the tongue.

Answer 33

extrinsic muscles

Question 34

* ___ \_\_ have a broad origin and their fascicles converge onto a single tendon that inserts onto the bone.

Answer 34

Convergent muscles

Question 35

In addition to the scalenes, two other muscles flex the neck and head; these are the longus capitis and longus colli. They are deep muscles of the anterior triangle. The origin of the longus capitis is from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, and its insertion is on the occipital bone at the base of the skull. Working together, the longus capitis muscles act to flex the head. The longus colli muscles have their origin from the bodies of cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae. These muscles also act to flex the head.

Question 36

have the effort applied between the load and the fulcrum. These levers operate with great speed, and extensive movement with little shortening of the muscle, but they are always at a mechanical disadvantage. Most skeletal muscles in the body act in __ \_\_ systems. The force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum.

Answer 36

Third-class levers

Question 37

There are four pairs of muscles that are used for biting and chewing (mastication). All are innervated by cranial nerve V (the __ \_\_).

Question 38

\_\_\_\_ muscles look like several feathers grouped together that join one tendon. ____ muscles don’t shorten much, but because they have so many fibers they are quite powerful.

Answer 38

Multipennate

Question 39

Largest muscle mass of the back Forms the bulge on either side of vertebral column. Chief extensor of the vertebral column Controls flexion, lateral flexion and rotation. Maintains the lumbar curve

Answer 39

Erector spinae (sacrospinalis)

Question 40

if the fascicles insert on one side of the tendon, the muscles is \_\_\_\_

Answer 40

unipennate

Question 41

* are found above (superior to) the hyoid bone * help to widen the pharynx to receive food when swallowing, they close off the larynx (respiratory passage way) so food isn’t aspirated into the lungs, and they close off the nasal passageways to prevent food from going up into our nasal cavity. * include the (1) Digastric (di = two,) (2) The stylohyoid is innervated by CN VII, and elongates the oral cavity during swallowing. (3) The mylohyoid (mylo = molar) (4) The geniohyoid widens the throat for swallowing and is innervated by the first cervical nerve.

Answer 41

suprahyoid muscles

Question 42

* A ___ is a special type of synergist that immobilizes the origin of a prime mover so that all the force generated by the muscle is exerted at its insertion.

Answer 42

fixator

Question 43

if the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides, the muscle is \_\_\_\_.

Answer 43

bipennate

Question 44

Looking at posterior view of the cervical region (i.e., the back of the neck), are other muscles that assist in moving the head. Most notably, these include the ___ \_\_. They have their origins on the midline of vertebral column (ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7 and T1-6).

Answer 44

the splenius muscles

Question 45

Supinator: turns palm superiorly or anteriorly Supinator Pronator: turns palm inferiorly or posteriorly Pronator teres Sphincter: decreases size of opening External anal sphincter Tensor: makes a body part rigid Tensor fasciae latae Rotator: moves bone around longitudinal axis

Question 46

is a pair of muscles, a major and a minor. They raise the corners of the mouth upward as in smiling.

Answer 46

The zygomaticus

Question 47

has its origin on the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and inserts on the skin of the upper eye lid. This muscle functions to open the eye.

Answer 47

levator palpebrae superioris

Question 48

* which has an anterior belly that is innervated by cranial nerve V (trigeminal) and has its origin on the inner surface of the mandibular symphysis; its posterior belly originates on the mastoid process of the temporal bone and is innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial). Both bellies insert on the hyoid bone. * The ___ elevate the hyoid and larynx (attached to the hyoid) during swallowing and speech, and depress the mandible when the hyoid bone is fixed in position.

Answer 48

Digastric (di = two, gastric = belly)

Question 49

Flexor: decreases joint angle Flexor carpi radialis Extensor: increases joint angle Extensor carpi ulnaris Abductor: moves bone away from midline Abductor pollicis longus Adductor: moves bone closer to midline Adductor longus Levator: movement to the superior Levator scapulae Depressor: movement to the inferior Depressor labii inferioris

Question 50

extends from the thoracic vertebrae to the skull and inserts on the transverse processes of C2-C4. Head extension is accomplished by the splenius muscles which lie deep to the trapezius.

Answer 50

splenius cervicis

Question 51

is the superior part of a huge muscle mass called the erector spinae that parallels the longitudinal axis of the body on either side of the vertebral column. The origin of the\_\_ \_\_\_is from the transverse processes of T1-T4 and the insertion is on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both sides contract together, the longissimus capitis extends the head; when one side contracts, the head is rotated so that the face is facing the same side of the contracting muscle.

Answer 51

The longissimus capitis

Question 52

is innervated by CN VII, and elongates the oral cavity during swallowing.

Answer 52

The stylohyoid

Question 53

Maximus = largest Gluteus maximus Minimus = smallest Gluteus minimus Longus = longest Adductor longus Brevis = shortest Peroneus brevis Vastus = great Vastus lateralis Maximus = largest Gluteus maximus Minimus = smallest Gluteus minimus Longus = longest Adductor longus Brevis = shortest Peroneus brevis Vastus = great Vastus lateralis

Question 54

presses the tongue against the oral cavity during swallowing to move food into the throat (pharynx). It is controlled by CN V. If you want to feel these muscles in action, place your fingers on your Adam’s apple (the large bump on the thyroid cartilage of the larynx) and swallow.

Answer 54

The mylohyoid (mylo = molar)

Question 55

* Side-to side grinding movements * aids in elevation of the mandible and assists in side-to-side grinding motions of the jaw.

Answer 55

The medial pterygoid

Question 56

As you can tell from the name, the ___ \_\_\_ ___ raises (levator) the upper (superioris) lip (labii). The __ \_\_ __ pulls the lower lip downward

Answer 56

the levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris

Question 57

runs from the hyoid bone to the tongue, and depresses the tongue.

Answer 57

hyoglossus

Question 58

The ___ is a muscle of the scalp. It has two bellies, the frontal and occipital which are connected by an aponeurosis (flat, sheet-like tendon) called the galea aponeurotica (or epicranial aponeurosis).

Answer 58

epicranius

Question 59

(trumpet player) is the muscle of the cheek. It functions in sucking, blowing, and positions food between the teeth during chewing. The duct of the parotid gland salivary gland pierces the ___ to reach the oral cavity.

Answer 59

The buccinator

Question 60

External jugular vein, passes over SCM. Accessory nerve, cervical plexus and upper trunk of brachial plexus lie under SCM

Answer 60

posterior triangle

Question 61

* One of the prime movers of jaw closure * elevates mandible * also retracts the mandible and is a synergist to the pterygoids.

Answer 61

Temporalis

Question 62

* have both their origin, insertion and action on the particular organ. The tongue is an organ of the digestive system. * The ___ \_\_ of the tongue curl, squeeze and fold the it into different shapes when speaking or chewing.

Answer 62

intrinsic muscles

Question 63

as the name suggests, has its origin on the mandible below the incisors and inserts on the skin of the chin. It protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles the chin.

Answer 63

The mentalis