B&B3

Question 1

what are developmental disorder

Answer 1

disorder resulting from a delayed or atypical mental or physical development - affects both physical and mental abilities

Question 2

what is the medical model

Answer 2

measures individuals against the norm
it holds a deficit view - identifies problems with people

Question 3

what is the social model

Answer 3

support society rather than approach research
put forward distinction between impairment an disability

Question 4

define some approaches in studying developmental disorders

Answer 4

• understand both typical and atypical developent
• development is a process not an end product
• multiple levels of research needed

Question 5

define the causal model: theoretical framework

Answer 5

• behaviour level: we observe difficulties in learning to read and write -> underlying cause at a cognitive level. external environmental factors influence 3 levels: behaviour cognitive and environmental

Question 6

define developmental language disorder

Answer 6

• language skills below peers of age equivalent score below mental age - no neurological damage and 7% prevalence

Question 7

what is the procedural deficit hypothesis

Answer 7

specific deficit in procedural network -> basal ganglia, parts of frontal cortex

spared declarative memory -> hippocampus, medial temporal lobes

Question 8

describe the difference between acquired and developmental dyslexia

Answer 8

acquired: illness or head injury
developmental: genetic

Question 9

describe the rapid auditory theory of dyslexia

Answer 9

deficit in perceiving short and rapid varying sounds

Question 10

describe rise time theory

Answer 10

impaired tracking of aptitude rise time cues

Question 11

describe visual/magnocellular theories

Answer 11

respond to rapid change in visual stimulation - main deficit is reduced sensitivity within visual system

Question 12

define the cerebral theory

Answer 12

dysfunction in motor control

Question 13

define phonological deficit hypothesis

Answer 13

deficit in phonological decoding

Question 14

describe two types of phonology

Answer 14

implicit - unconscious
explicit - conscious

Question 15

describe the triad of impairment in asc

Answer 15

• social communication
• reciprocal social interactions
• restricted interest / rigid and repetetive behaviours

Question 16

signs of asc by 24 months

Answer 16

lack of warm and emotional expressions
lack of sharing emotional interest
lack of response to name
lack of interacting
atypical language development

Question 17

define test sensitivity

Answer 17

ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate)

Question 18

define test specificity

Answer 18

ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate)

Question 19

describe some characteristics of inattention ADHD

Answer 19

• fail to pay attention
• careless mistakes
• doesn’t listen when spoken to
• difficulty organising tasks
• easily distracted

Question 20

describe some characteristics of hyperactivity/impulsivity ADHD

Answer 20

• restless, fidgeting
• talks excessively
• difficulty waiting turn

Question 21

describe the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD

Answer 21

• symptoms causing impairment present before the age of 7
• impairments from symptoms occur in two or more settings
• clear evidence of significant functional impairment (social and academic)

Question 22

what are some challenges in diagnosing ADHD

Answer 22

• subjective criteria: might be a problem for one family member/teacher but not another
• many non-specific problems that overlap with other disorders (poor sleep, learning difficulties, aggression)

Question 23

describe Agnew-Blais longitudinal risk study

Answer 23

those who met the criteria for childhood ADHD that persisted to adulthood -> lower IQ, increased drug use, anxiety

those who got diagnosed in adulthood but didn’t reach the criteria in childhood -> fewer externalising problems, higher IQ, similar mental health issues

Question 24

ADHD as a moral disorder

Answer 24

questions around what contributes to ADHD has long history
- description of children with motor agitation, difficulty in controlling impulses -> get labelled as having no consideration for others

Question 25

ADHD as a biological disorder

Answer 25

the belief moved on from moral disorder to biological due to a belief in brain damage causing adhd

Question 26

describe Barkley's model of behavioural inhibition

Answer 26

- inhibition is a prerequisite for many other skills that underpin Motor control - includes working memory, self control, internalisation of speech, emotional regulation, cognitive ability - behaviour inhibition leads to generalised deficits and lack of motor control?

Question 27

describe the discussion about grey matter for ADHD

Answer 27

grey matter: processes information in the brain - the structures within the grey matter process signals generated in the sensory organs or other areas of grey matter and directs sensory stimuli to nerve cells the fronto-striatal circuit basal gangilia

Question 28

describe the discussion about white matter for ADHD

Answer 28

white matter: transports the information which is encoded in action potential and propagated along neurons white matter integrity determines the speed and fidelity of that information people with ADHD had altered white matter integrity associated with poor attention, vigilance, inhibition and school functioning

Question 29

describe delay aversion

Answer 29

those with ADHD choose immediate small rewards rather than delayed larger rewards

Question 30

describe the reward network for delay aversion (ADHD)

Answer 30

fronto-ventral stiatal reward circuits mesobolic branches in nucleus accumbens

Question 31

describe the dual deficit model

Answer 31

associated with inattention subtype - excecutive function deficit of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 32

why is development a challenge in diagnosis

Answer 32

- 50% cases of childhood ADHD resolve by adulthood - other times, adhd isn't diagnosed until adulthood

Question 33

describe the development of ADHD

Answer 33

preschool - incessant and demanding (not listening, no sense of danger, activities <3 minutes) school years - forgetful and distracted (excessive movement and activities <10 minutes) adolescence - excessive fidgeting, no focus or planning (activity <30 minutes) adulthood - inner sense of restlessness and impatient

Question 34

define pragmatics

Answer 34

they way in which language is used in practice, such as implied or intended meaning

Question 35

what were the changes in the most recent autism update

Answer 35

aspergers disorder and pervasive developmental disorder no longer separated from autism - all come under autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) - new disorder: social communication disorder

Question 36

describe the core characteristics of asc

Answer 36

- triad of imairment - social communication - reciprocal social interactions - restricted interests / rigid and repetitive behaviours

Question 37

signs of asc by 12-24 months

Answer 37

reduced typical social interest lack of warm, emotional responses lack of sharing emotional interest lack of response to name atypical language developmentd

Question 38

describe neurocognitive theories on asc

Answer 38

focus on the developing structure and function of the mind allowed us to test hypotheses about associated brain function

Question 39

describe neurodevelopmental theories

Answer 39

focus on developing brain structures and function of the brain and nervous system

Question 40

what are the neurocognitive theories of asc

Answer 40

- social deficit theories - weak central coherence theory - executive function - extreme male brain

Question 41

describe the theory of mind

Answer 41

can be refered to as mentalising - automatic unconscious ability people with autism cannot pass the sally Anne task

Question 42

describe the atypical structure in people with DLD

Answer 42

- left inferior frontal gyrus - left superior temporal gyrus - perisylvian cortext

Question 43

describe the changes in ADHD brain regions according to delay aversion

Answer 43

- fronto-ventral striatal reward circuit - mesobolic branches and nucleus accumbens

Question 44

describe the changes in ADHD brain regions according to excecutive function theory

Answer 44

- atypical white matter tracts in fronto-posterior and front-striatal-cerebral - reduced grey matter in front-striatal

Question 45

describe the fMRI evidence for autism brain changes

Answer 45

- increased activity in parietal and occipital cortex - decreased activity in frontal circuits

Question 46

describe changes in brain regions for ASC according to neural networks evidence

Answer 46

increased temporal lobe activation decreased frontal lobes and amygdala

Question 47

describe the implied reading network atypical structure for dyslexia

Answer 47

increased activation in left inferior frontal gyrus (compensatory reliance of effortful articulatory processes) decreased activation in left inferior parietal lobule (general attention mechanisms ) decreased activation in left occipital temporal cortex (fast word recognition and orthographic processing)