what is a population
a group of organimsns of the same species living in the same area
what is a community
made up of populations of different species of animals, plants, fungi and bacteria
each specifies depends on other species for resources
what are abiotic factors
non living elements of an ecosystem
what a biotic factors
living organimsn in an ecosystem
in a stable community what stays the same
environmental factors and population size
what are some abiotic factors of communities
-light intensity
-temp
-moisture
-soil pH and mineral content
-wind
-CO2 levels
-O2 levels
what are some biotic factors
-availability of food
-new preditors arriving
-new pathogens
-competition
what methods are used to determine the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem
transects and quadrats
what is the abundance of organinsms
-number of individuals of a particular species in a given area
what is the distribution of organisms
-where organisms are found within a given area
what is quantitative sampling
making several random reading and then finding the mean number of organisms per m^2
can transects be random
no
what do animals compete for
food
territory
mates
what makes animals successful competitors
animals that are better adapted for finding resources or breeding successfully
what do plants compete for
light
space
water
mineral ions in soil
what are some recourses organisms need from their ecosystem to reproduce
plants needs light, CO, O, and mineral ions
-animals need good water and O
-microorganisms need a range of things, some similar to plants some similar to animals
what are herbivore
have teeth adapted for grinding up plant cells
what are carnivores
have they adapted for tearing flesh or crushing bones
what are extremophiles (organisms that survive and reproduce in most difficult conditions) adaptions allow them to live
adaptations that allow them to live in environments with extreme conditions of salt, temp, or pressure
what are some structural adaptations of normals in cold environments
- having low SA to V ratio
-reducing the SA of thin skinned areas of the body eg: small ears in cold climates
what are some behavioural adaptations of animals in cold environments
-huddling together
-living in burrows or dens
what are some functional behaviour for animals in cold environments
-insulation layer like fur or fat
-growing thick fur
-fluffing up feathers
-antifreeze in cells to rpreveht damage
hot environment adaptations
structural = large SA:V
behavioural = being active in early mornings and evening
functional = adaptations in the kidneys mean some animals produce conc urine so need less water
what are some adaptions in plants
changing sa
collecting water
-wide root systems
storing water
-leaves or stems and roots
