Biology > B2 Book Work > Flashcards

B2 Book Work Flashcards

(98 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Definition of cell and example.

A

Basic unit of an organism, e.g. sperm, nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of tissue and example.

A

Groups of similar cells working together to carry out specific functions, e.g. cardiac tissue, skeletal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of organ and example.

A

Groups of different tissues used to carry out one or more functions, e.g. heart, brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of organ system and example.

A

A group of organs working together to carry out specialized jobs, e.g. immune, nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definition of organism and example.

A

A group system that are working together, e.g. human, animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the nerve tissue do?

A

Sends electrical signals through the body and the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers body and tubes in hairs across all surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the glandular tissue do?

A

Produces hormones and enzymes(extra ribosomes for protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the muscle tissue do?

A

Contracts around the body to move (extra mitochondria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the skeletal tissue do?

A

Protects and supports body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What other tissues is the stomach tissue made of?

A

Muscle tissue - needs to contract to digest food
Glandular tissue - produce acids and enzyme protease
Epithelial - for protective lining
Nerve - receive messages to know when to make acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts, speeding up your reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

enzymes speed up reactions in living organisms. The enzymes break down the substrate. The substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme and products are formed, the enzyme doesn’t change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Enzymes are large molecules of what?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the substrate?

A

the chemical broken down by the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a denatured enzyme?

A

where the active site has changed shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the rate of reaction from 0-60°C in enzyme activity

A

The enzyme activity rapidly increases between 0-40°C. The optimum temperature is 40°C.It then plateaus and decreases between 40-60°C.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain why the rate of reaction increases from 0-40°C in enzyme activity

A

The kinetic energy increases which makes the particles move around quicker. There are more successful collisions then.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain what is happening past 40°C in enzyme activity

A

The enzymes denature meaning the substrate won’t fit into the active site anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the factors affecting enzyme?

A

temperature, pH and concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in stomach?

A

kills bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain how a water bath works.

A

Temperature is monitored and if it drops a heater is turned on. If it rises the heater is turned off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the word rate mean?

A

Rate is a measure of how something changes overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can you tell in the RPA that all the starch was broken down?

A

When the iodine doesn’t change colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name the product of protein digestion.
amino acid
26
What enzyme digests protein?
protease
27
What are intervals?
the smallest measurement that can be detected
28
What is order of digestive system? There are 7
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
29
Where is amylase made, what does it breakdown, and what are the products?
Where it's made - pancreas, small intestine, salivary glands What's broken down - starch What are products - glucose
30
Where is protease made, what does it breakdown, and what are the products?
Where it's made - pancreas, small intestine, stomach What's broken down - protein What are products - amino acids
31
Where is lipase made, what does it breakdown, and what are the products?
Where it's made - pancreas, small intestine What's broken down - lipids(fats) What are products - fatty acids, glycerol
32
What is the function of the mouth/salivary glands and are enzymes produced?
Chews food and adds saliva, yes
33
What is the function of the oesophagus and are enzymes produced?
Food travels down from mouth, no
34
What is the function of the stomach and are enzymes produced?
Breaks food down using enzymes, yes
35
What is the function of the liver and are enzymes produced?
Produces bile for food, yes
36
What is the function of the gall bladder and are enzymes produced?
Stores bile, no
37
What is the function of the pancreas and are enzymes produced?
Makes enzymes, yes
38
What is the function of the small intestine and are enzymes produced?
Breaks down large molecules and absorbs, yes
39
What is the function of the large intestine and are enzymes produced?
Breaks down large molecules, no
40
What is the function of the rectum and are enzymes produced?
Stores faeces, no
41
What is the function of the anus and are enzymes produced?
Faeces leaves body, no
42
Give the reagent used to test for starch, sugar, proteins, fats
Starch - iodine solution Sugar - blue benedict's solution Proteins - biuret Fats - ethanol
43
Give the initial colour used to test for starch, sugar, proteins, fats
Starch - orangey brown Sugar - blue Proteins - blue Fats - clear
44
Give the end colour in a positive test for starch, sugar, proteins, fats
Starch - blue black Sugar - orangey red Proteins - purple Fats - cloudy white
45
What is the difference between qualitative tests and quantitative tests?
Qualitative only indicate if a substance is there. Quantitative shows numerical value
46
Give a problem with food testing
contamination
47
What does bile do?
neutralises acid in stomach and emulsifies fat to create larger surface area for enzymes
48
What is exhaled and inhaled air?
exhaled- More CO₂, less O₂, warmer, more water vapor inhaled- Less CO₂, more O₂, colder, less water vapor
49
3 Key points for food testing RPA?
Benedict's is only reagent you must heat above 75°C, any colour change is subjective, food tests aren't quantitative
50
What is ventilation?
how air enters and leaves your body
51
What do the intercostal muscles do when breathing in and out?
In - contracts, move up and out Out - relaxes, move down and in
52
What do the diaphragm do when breathing in and out?
In - moves down Out - relax, move up
53
What do the volume in thorax do when breathing in and out?
In - gets bigger Out - gets smaller
54
What do the pressure in thorax do when breathing in and out?
In - decreases Out - increases
55
What do the lungs do when breathing in and out?
In - inflate Out - deflate
56
What are the exchange surface common features?
big surface area, short diffusion distance(thin), substance diffusion(moist), steep concentration gradient
57
Where is the natural pacemaker?
right atrium
58
4 facts about artery's
thick muscular walls, small lumen, usually carries oxygenated blood, carries blood under high pressure
59
4 facts about veins's
thin walls, large lumen, usually carries deoxygenated blood, carries blood under low pressure
60
4 facts about cappilaries
one cell thick walls, so narrow blood only just manages to get through, where substances are exchanged between blood and body, blood looses pressure when passing through
61
What is a white blood?
protect body from pathogens
62
What is a platelet?
small cell fragments which help blood clot/scab
63
What is plasma?
liquid that carries water, soluble products of digestion, CO₂
64
What is a red blood cell?
carry oxygen containing haemoglobin, are biconcave, large surface area
65
What is coronary heart disease?
When coronary arteries become blocked by fatty depoists
66
What are stents and give advantage and disadvantage?
Definition- used to open up blocked arteries A- used anywhere, keeps blood flowing, no anaesthetic D- benefits don't justify efforts, risk of infection
67
What are bypass surgery and give advantage and disadvantage?
Definition- Blood can bypass clogged arteries A- lower heart attack risk, effective for long time D- risk in operation and infection, long recovery time
68
What are statins and give advantage and disadvantage?
Definition- reduce cholesterol levels, slow fatty build-up A- reduce artery blockage, no surgery, increase HDL D- can cause kidney failure, take everyday, instant effect
69
What are valve replacements and give advantage and disadvantage?
Definition- replace weak/leaky valves that don't work well A- last long, prevent breathlessness, lower heart attack risk D- take medicine for rest of your life, blood can clot
70
What are heart transplants and give advantage and disadvantage?
Definition- heart replaced with donor heart A- patient can live normal life D- risk of rejection, immunosuppressant drugs needed
71
What are artificial hearts and give advantage and disadvantage?
Definition- mechanical heart to pump blood A- can use while waiting for donor, less chance of rejection D- risk of infection/operation, temporary, motor could fail
72
What are immunosuppressant drugs?
lower the response of the immune system and makes organ rejection less likely but you're more likely to pick up contagious diseases
73
What is the difference between cancer and a tumour?
cancer- caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division tumour- a mass of cancerous cells
74
What are 4 most common cancers?
1) breast 2) lung 3) prostate 4) bowl
75
What is difference between benign and malignant tumours?
benign- non-cancerous cells that are slow moving and stay in the same place surrounded by cell membranes malignant- fast spreading cancerous cells that spread around the body
76
When do tumours become a proble?
When they put pressure on other organs and blood vessels.
77
What are secondary cancers?
tumours that form from malignant tumours
78
What is radiotherapy?
Targets specific points and prevents cells from replicating until they die off
79
What is chemotherapy?
Harsh chemicals that kill cancer cells
80
How do malignant tumours spread?
spread via blood
81
What is the waxy cuticle?
layer of wax on top of leaf to stop water evaporating
82
What is the upper epidermis?
thin layer of transparent cells on top of a leaf to let in light
83
What is the palisade layer?
tall, tightly packed cells with lots of extra chloroplasts for photosynthesis
84
What is the spongy mesophyll?
less tightly packed cells with air spaces for gas exchange
85
What is the xylem?
carries water and mineral ions to leaves, it's hollow and dead
86
What is the phloem?
carries glucose from leaves around plant
87
What is the stomata?
allows gases to move in and out and are on lower side of plant to is in shade
88
What is the guard cell?
controls opening and closing of stomata by osmosis
89
What is the meristem?
where stem cells for plants are made, in roots and shoots
90
What is the chloroplasts?
used for photosynthesis
91
What are the air spaces?
create large surface area for gas exchange
92
What is transpiration?
loss of water due to evapouration
93
What is a transpiration stream?
movement of water up a plant caused by evaporation from the stomata. This draws more water up the plant through the xylem and more is absorbed by the roots
94
How is temperature an affecting factor of transpiration?
Temperature means water molecules gain kinetic energy. This increases the rate at which water moves from the stomata of the leaves and so increasing transpiration rate
95
How is humidity an affecting factor of transpiration?
The moisture in the air is higher so moves into the leaf meaning the transpiration rate decreases as it is a lower concentration.
96
How is light intensity an affecting factor of transpiration?
Stomata opens up for photosynthesis when there are high levels of light intensity, meaning more water is lost out of the stomata which increases transpiration rate.
97
How is air flow an affecting factor of transpiration?
Air flow means water molecules gain kinetic energy. This increases the rate at which water moves from the stomata of the leaves and so increasing transpiration rate.
98
What is osmosis
The movement of water particles through a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions