B2 (part 2)

Question 1

what is CHD?

Answer 1

Coronary heart disease

Question 2

why does the heart need oxygen?

Answer 2

to respire

Question 3

what do the arteries supply? to what?

Answer 3

supply blood containing oxygen to the heart muscles

Question 4

what are the arteries called?

Answer 4

coronary arteries

Question 5

what do the coronary arteries do?

Answer 5

supply the heart with blood so the heart muscles have oxygen to respire

Question 6

what happens when someone is effected with coronary heart disease?

Answer 6

1. Fatty acids build up on the walls of the coronary artery
2. this means the blood flow is restricted
3. so less oxygen reaches the heart muscle
4. this means the heart muscle can’t respire
5. This results in a heart attack
6. the heart can’t beat so the heart stops

Question 7

what are stents?

Answer 7

small mechanical devices that are implanted into people’s coronary arteries

Question 8

what do stents do?

Answer 8

help prevent heart attacks in people with CHD

Question 9

how do stents help prevent heart attacks in people with CHD?

Answer 9

they hold open the block arteries

Question 10

Using a stent…

Answer 10

increases blood flow –> meaning more oxygen will reach the heart muscle —> so it can respire

Question 11

what are 4 advantages of using stents to treat CHD?

Answer 11

1. blocked arteries are held open
2. blood to flow to the heart muscles increased
3. stays in place for a long time -> so prevents heart attack for long time
4. rapid recovery

Question 12

what are 3 disadvantages of using stents to treat CHD?

Answer 12

1. risk of infection from operation
2. risk of surgery e.g heart attack or bleeding
3. risk of blood clotting –> blood clots causes heart attacks

Question 13

what are statins?

Answer 13

a tablet that you take when you have CHD

Question 14

what do statins do?

Answer 14

prevent heart attacks in people with CHD

Question 15

how do statins work?

Answer 15

they reduce cholesterol —> which reduces the build up of fatty deposits in coronary arteries

Question 16

what are 3 advantages of using statins to treat CHD?

Answer 16

1. they reduce blood cholesterol
2. slows down the build up of fatty deposits in arteries
3. increases blood flow to the heart muscle cells

Question 17

what are 4 disadvantages of using statins to treat CHD?

Answer 17

1. people forget to take the drug
2. need to be taken long term
3. side effects
4. takes long time to have an effect

Question 18

how many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 18

4

Question 19

what are the 4 chambers if the heart?

Answer 19

left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle

Question 20

PRACTICAL: investigating pH

Answer 20

1. add a drop of iodine to each well in a spotting tile
2. place 2cm^3 of amylase, starch and Ph5 buffer solution into 3 different test tubes
3. place in water bath for 10 mins
4. add all test tubes together and start stopwatch
5. use stirring rod to transfer solution from test tube to an iodine well every 30 secs
6. record the time when iodine no longer changes colour
7. repeat steps 1-6 for pH 6,7 ,8 and 9 buffer solution

Question 21

what is enzyme activity?

Answer 21

how fast the enzyme catalyses the reaction
( how fast enzyme breaks substrate into products)

Question 22

how does increasing the temp increase enzyme activity?

Answer 22

increasing temp —> increases frequency of collisions—> so enzyme activity increases

Question 23

what happens when you increase the temp above the optimum?

Answer 23

the enzymes become denatured and changes the shape of their active site —> substrate can no longer fit into active site so enzyme activity decreases

Question 24

what happens to the enzyme activity when you increase/ decrease pH above/ below optimum?

Answer 24

denatures the enzymes and changes the shape of the active site –> so the substrate can no longer fit in –> so enzyme activity decreases
(for both increase and decrease)

Question 25

what are 2 issues and solutions for investigating pH practical

Answer 25

1. only takes samples ever 30 secs - means we have approx time for reaction to complete solution: take samples every 10 secs instead 2. hard to spot colour change solution: use multiple people to agree when colour change happens

Question 26

variables for investigating enzyme activity (temperature)

Answer 26

IV --> temperature DV--> enzyme activity CV---> enzyme, substrate

Question 27

variable for investigating enzyme activity (pH)

Answer 27

IV ---> pH DV ---> enzyme activity CV---> temp, enzyme used

Question 28

what is the optimum pH for amylase?

Answer 28

pH7

Question 29

what is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 29

where excess water is absorbed from food

Question 30

what are the 2 functions of the small intestine?

Answer 30

- produces amylase, protease and lipase - where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

Question 31

what are the 3 functions of the stomach?

Answer 31

- pummels food with it's muscular walls - produces protease (pepsin) - produces hydrochloric acid

Question 32

what 2 things does hydrochloric acid do?

Answer 32

kills bacteria and gives right pH for protease to work

Question 33

what is the function of the gall bladder?

Answer 33

stores bile before being released into the small intestine

Question 34

what is the function of salivary glands?

Answer 34

produces amylase in the saliva

Question 35

what is the function of the pancreas?

Answer 35

produces prtoease, amylase and lipase and releases them into the small intestine

Question 36

what is the function of the liver?

Answer 36

produces bile

Question 37

what 2 things does bile do?

Answer 37

neutralises stomach acids and emulsifies fats

Question 38

what is the function of the rectum?

Answer 38

where the faeces is stored before they go into the anus