B4 Transport

Question 1

What is your Blood based on?

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

What is Plasma?

Answer 2

Plasma carries red blood cells,white blood cells and platelets.

Question 3

What are red blood cells?

Answer 3

They pick up oxygen from the air in your lungs and carry it to the cells where it is needed.

Question 4

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

Answer 4

• They are biconcave discs. Being concave (pushed in) on both sides gives them an increased surface area to volume ratio for diffusion.
• They are packed with a red pigment called that binds to oxygen.
• They have no nucleus

Question 5

What other things does your Plasma transfer around your body?

Answer 5

• Waste produced by the cells is carried to the lungs
• Urea formed in your liver from the breakdown of excess proteins is carried to your kidneys where it is removed from your blood to form urine.
• The small soluble products of digestion pass into the plasma from your small intestine and are transported to individual cells.

Question 6

What are white blood cells?

Answer 6

The cells of the immune system help fight of diseases

They have a nucleus and form part of the body’s defence system against harmful microorganisms.

Question 7

What are Platelets?

Answer 7

They help blood to clot a wound to stop blood coming out

Question 8

What structure does Platelets have?

Answer 8

They have no nucleus. They are cery important in helping the blood to clot at the site of a wound.

Question 9

What is the function of Red blood cells?

Answer 9

The main job of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs

Question 10

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 10

are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

Question 11

What is the function of Platelets?

Answer 11

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.

Question 12

What is the function of Plasma?

Answer 12

Plasma carries water, salts and enzymes. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma.

Question 13

What is the process of blood clotting?

Answer 13

Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in homeostasis, the ending of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair.

Question 14

What are three main types of Blood vessels?

Answer 14

Arteries ,Capillaries ,Veins

Question 15

What is are Arteries?

Answer 15

The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

Question 16

What are Capillaries?

Answer 16

Capillaries form a network throughout the body for the exchange of oxygen, metabolic waste products, and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue cells.

Question 17

What are veins?

Answer 17

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; there are some exceptions e.g the pulmonary veins, which carries oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 18

how does the structure of an artery help with its function?

Answer 18

• They have a thick wall, which is essential to withstand the high pressures.
• They also have thick layers of circular elastic fibres and muscle fibres to help pump the blood through after each contraction of the heart

Question 19

how does the structure of a capillary help with its function?

Answer 19

-The walls of capillaries are just one cell thick. This increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.

Question 20

how does the structure of a vein help with its function?

Answer 20

Veins are made up of thin layers with a few circular elastic fibres and muscle fibres. This is because blood does not flow in pulses and so the vein walls cannot help pump the blood on.

Question 21

How do you estimate a heart rate?

Answer 21

To check your pulse at your wrist, place two fingers between the bone and the tendon over your radial artery which is located on the thumb side of your wrist. When you feel your pulse, count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiply this number by four to calculate your beats per minute

Question 22

Describe the function of the human heart?

Answer 22

The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Question 23

What is the structure of the human heart?

Answer 23

The heart is divided into four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles; the atria receive blood, while the ventricles pump blood. The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas and the coronary sinus; blood then moves to the right ventricle where it is pumped to the lungs

Question 24

Describe the problems that develop with blood vessels in the heart?

Question 25

what are the advantages of using statins?

Answer 25

- Statins can reduce the risk of strokes,coronary heart disease and heart attacks by reducing the amount of 'bad' cholesterol - May also prevent other diseases - Statins can increase the amount of a beneficial type of cholesterol in your bloodstream.

Question 26

what are the disadvantages of using statins?

Answer 26

- Statins need to be taken regularly someone might forget them - Negative side effects, e.g headaches or even serious side affects being e.g kidney failure , liver damage or memory loss - Isn't instant effect

Question 27

what are the advantages of using stents?

Answer 27

- Lower the risk of heart attacks for people with Coronary heart diseases. - Effective for a long time - Recovery time from surgery is relatively short

Question 28

what are the disadvantages of using stents?

Answer 28

- Risk of developing a blood clot near the stent | - Risk of damage to artery (when putting stent in)

Question 29

How is a heartbeat maintained?

Answer 29

The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells located in the right atrium, called the SA node. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. This forces blood into the ventricles. The SA node sets the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat

Question 30

why would the heart stop functioning ?

Answer 30

Ventricular fibrillation is the most common cause of cardiac arrest. Ventricular fibrillation occurs when the normal, regular, electrical activation of heart muscle contraction is replaced by chaotic electrical activity that causes the heart to stop beating and pumping blood to the brain and other parts of the body.

Question 31

why would someone need a pace maker?

Answer 31

If the natural pacemaker stops working properly, this can cause serious problems. If the heart beats too slowly the person affected will not get enough oxygen. If the heart beats too fast it cannot pump blood properly.

Question 32

why does someone need an artificial heart?

Answer 32

If your heart fails completely a donor heart or heart and lungs can be transplanted. They need to wait for a donor heart that has a tissue match therefore can get temporary hearts that support your natural heart.

Question 33

Why do people have objections to heart transplants?

Answer 33

- Surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding and infection. - Artificial hearts don't work as healthy as natural ones-parts could wear out or the electrical motor could fail.

Question 34

What is the main structure of the Gas exchange system?

Answer 34

- nose/mouth - trachea(windpipe) - intercosal muscles - rib - lung - bronchi - bronchioles - aveoli(air sacs) - diaphragm - abdomen

Question 35

What is the function of intercosal muscles?

Answer 35

The internal intercostal muscles are responsible for forced exhalation.

Question 36

What is the function of lungs?

Answer 36

The main function of the lungs is the process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing). In respiration, oxygen from incoming air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide, a waste gas from the metabolism, leaves the blood.

Question 37

What is the function of bronchi?

Answer 37

The bronchi, singularly known as a bronchus, are extensions of the windpipe that shuttle air to and from the lungs.

Question 38

what is the function for diaphragms?

Answer 38

an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, creating a negative pressure there, which draws air into the lungs

Question 39

How are aveoli adapted ?

Answer 39

The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently. ... they give the lungs a really big surface area. they have moist, thin walls (just one cell thick) they have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries.

Question 40

Describe the processes of ventilation and gas exchange?

Answer 40

State the difference between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration. Ventilation: Is the process of inhaling and exhaling, with oxygen entering the alveoli (large surface area). Gas exchange: Process of exchanging one gas for the other between the alveoli and capillaries. (Carbon dioxide for oxygen).

Question 41

describe how plant organs are involved in the transport system?

Answer 41

The transport system in plants is made up of a network of thin tubes which carry liquids all around the plant. Collectively these tubes are bundled together and form the vascular bundles. The vascular bundles reach all the tissues and organs of the plant.

Question 42

explain how the structures of tissues in the leaf are related to their functions?

Answer 42

A leaf cross-section reveals a cuticle layer and epidermal leaf cells on the underside and the top surface. Epidermal cells secrete a waxy substance known as the cuticle that aids in protection and keeps water from evaporating. Its epidermis gives the leaf structure, support and protection.

Question 43

describe the function of xylem

Answer 43

Xylem carry water and dissolved mineral ions | from up the leaves. Mature xylem cells are dead.

Question 44

describe the function of phloem tissue.

Answer 44

The function of the phloem tissue is to transport food nutrients such as sucrose and amino acids from the leaves and to all other cells of the plant by the process known as translocation.

Question 45

why transport in plants is important.

Answer 45

Transportation is a vital process in plants. Trees transport all the nutrients and water it needs for survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves.

Question 46

explain how the structure of xylem adapted for their function?

Answer 46

They lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube. They become strengthened by a substance called lignin. Lignin gives strength and support to the plant.

Question 47

explain how the structure of phloem adapted for their function?

Answer 47

Phloem consists of living cells. The cells that make up the phloem are adapted to their function: Sieve tubes – specialised for transport and have no nuclei. Each sieve tube has a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next.

Question 48

What is translocation?

Answer 48

movement of (dissolved) sugar

Question 49

Explain why translocation is important to plants?

Answer 49

sugars are made in the leaves (therefore) they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration

Question 50

Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.

Answer 50

for movement of minerals / ions | against their concentration gradient

Question 51

Draw a diagram of the heart blood flow

Answer 51

Drawing